Group week Free Essays

Phones are for individual use as well as they can prove to be useful for business purposes also. There are numerous utilizations for mobile phones in a business setting: web, video calling testing and capacity to utilize applications. With a mobile phone there truly is no explanation that you can't be not available to your organization. We will compose a custom paper test on Gathering week or on the other hand any comparative theme just for you Request Now Numerous organizations are presently permitting phones in their organizations. Be that as it may, are there times that mobile phones can be an obstruction for a numerous also. There is a great deal of new innovation on mobile phones, yet some accept that it very well may be to a greater extent a negative effect than a positive one. In a retail setting mobile phones can prompt terrible client support or can obstruct on clients security if representatives are utilizing their camera highlights. Phones can likewise prompt workers to be useless. Microbiological: Microbiological can be utilized as ongoing correspondence and to enable the organization to stay aware of any grumblings or to perceive what is expected to improve in their organization. Microbiological is a route for individuals to tell about their day in arbitrary posts, this could assist an organization with systems administration. Microbiological is people main event when they are on Faceable or other Social systems administration sights. Microbiological is a shorter form of customary blobbing and can be utilized to advance business and have an increasingly close to home relationship with their clients. Distributed computing: Cloud registering is utilizing a system of remote servers facilitated on the web to store, oversee, and process information as opposed to putting away the data on a coal server or PC. Distributed computing is useful for business and can help lessen the security costs since when you store things inside the organization, the organization can control who sees the data. Distributed computing is likewise a simple route for representatives to discover and share data. Webzines: Webzines are mainstream when conveying in the business world. In the past organizations were reliant on them for bunch preparing. This can be utilized all through the nation to help urge individuals to express what is on their mind. Step by step instructions to refer to Group week, Papers

Who The Hell Is Connie Chung? :: essays research papers fc

Who the Hell is Connie Chung? How can one go from being called â€Å"America’s sweetheart† to being named a â€Å"shameless newspaper whore† (Revah 10)? Connie Chung knows. Co-securing the CBS Nightly News with Dan Rather and facilitating her own Eye to Eye, she was once on the communicate reporting world, yet all beneficial things must reach a conclusion. Connie Chung had a sublime ascent and a sensational fall. Connie Chung started her vocation as a task proofreader and broadcasting live correspondent at a nearby Washington, D.C. TV channel WTTG. However, her enormous break came in 1971, when the Federal Communications Commission started forcing broadcasting companies to employ more minorities and ladies. Chung applied at CBS’s Washington agency. She once told Daniel Paisner, â€Å"They had just a single lady at CBS News at that point, and I think they needed to recruit more. In this way, they recruited me, they employed Leslie Stahl, they employed Michelle Clark, and they recruited Sylvia Chase.... As such, a Chinese lady a dark lady, a decent Jewish young lady, and a light shiska. Thus they dealt with long stretches of discrimination.† (Moritz 107) Chung secured George McGovern’s presidential crusade in 1971 and went with Richard Nixon on outings to the Middle East and the Soviet Union in 1972. In 1976, she turned into a reporter for KNXT, the neighborhood CBS TV slot in Los Angeles. There, her compensation went from about $27,000 every year to an expected $600,000, making Connie Chung one of the country’s most generously compensated nearby commentators in 1983. She gotten numerous distinctions, including an honor for best TV revealing from the Los Angeles Press Club in 1977 and Local Emmys in 1978 and 1980. (Moritz 108) In 1984, Chung, anxious to come back to announcing national governmental issues, was approached to grapple NBC News at Sunrise. Obviously, she didn't let this open door cruise her by. Chung’s â€Å"new job....also included filling in as a political journalist for the NBC Nightly News program, tying down the network’s Saturday nightly news, and doing three prime-time, ninety-second news throws a week† (Moritz 108). Chung’s â€Å"status as a rising system star was reaffirmed when, in November 1983, she showed up on the Today appear as a substitute for anchorwoman Jane Pauley† (Moroitz 108). Connie Chung reported in March 1989 that she would rejoin CBS after her NBC contract lapsed in May. She was to stay a redid West 57th Street and the CBS Sunday Night News, and to be one of the fundamental substitute stays for Dan Rather on the CBS Evening News. This understanding was worth almost $1.

The Birthmark Essays - Fiction, The Birth-Mark, Imagination, Skin

The Birthmark How does Hawthorne in the Birthmark use Irony, Ambiguity, Paradox, and Symbol? Vagueness: Two distinct translations can be utilized to depict Georgiana's character. From the outset she is by all accounts a solid sure ladies who is confident. Simply after the steady focal point of her better half's consideration regarding her skin pigmentation, does she start to willow away. When Aylmer gives her the solution to drink, Georgiana has submitted to doing whatever in important to diminish her better half from his wretchedness brought about by her skin coloration. Incongruity: The expulsion of the skin coloration was an occasion in incongruity. Aylmer and Georgiana didn't have a clue about that the imprint gave the existence blood to his significant other. After the evacuation of the skin coloration, Aylmer's better half was ideal for a short couple of seconds, just amazing. Oddity: An explanation that appears to be in opposition to presence of mind. Georgiana states during a conversation with her better half let the endeavor be made at whatever the hazard. Threat is nothing for me; forever, while this disdainful imprint makes me the object of your shock and disturb... Sound judgment would permit Georgiana to disclose to Aylmer that on the off chance that he didn't care for the excellence mark, he should leave her for a ladies who might be immaculate in her eyes. Rather, Georgiana is requesting he do whatever important to evacuate the pigmentation regardless of what the outcomes. Image: The genuine skin coloration is one of the most unmistakable employments of image in his story. The pigmentation has references to life, demise, excellence and sicken. In quite a bit of his fiction Hawthorne regards Pride as a fiendishness. Is an insidious kind of pride obvious in the Birthmark? Following are two instances of where I found a peruser could decipher Aylmer's pride as underhanded. Aylmer states Even Pygmalion, when his molded lady expected life, felt not more prominent bliss than mine will be. Aylmer is as of now feeling the malevolent pride of his up and coming figure, paying little heed to the outcomes. His certainty could be deciphered as an arrogant pride. I am certain if the evacuation of the skin pigmentation was effective, he would have opened a carnival type show to show his extraordinary work. The other reference to Aylmer's abhorrent is Is the Birthmark ethically questionable? The fleeting conditions was unreasonably solid for him; he neglected to look past the shadowy extent of time, and, living once for all in endlessness, to locate the ideal future in the present This announcement could be deciphered ethically from numerous points of view. The most ordering piece of this sentence to me was to locate the ideal future in the present. This sentence alone has an incredible importance. On the off chance that just Aylmer had followed his own idea, the story would have had a totally extraordinary consummation. Hawthorne composes I have some of the time delivered a particular and not unpleasing effect...by envisioning a train of occurrences in which the soul and component of the fairyland ought to be joined with the characters and habits of natural life. What fabulous components does Hawthorne use in the Birthmark? Hawthorne utilizes numerous supernatural words a couple are recorded with definitions beneath. Ghostly - extraordinary chemists - wizard remedy - enchantment mixture There is numerous references to a fairyland in the perusing, particularly while referencing the mixture Aylmer was getting ready for Georgiana. When Georgiana saw the fluid within the globe, she said It is so wonderful to the eye that I could envision it the solution of life. The excellence of the elixir's shading was sufficiently able to stand out and interest. Another reference to the dreamland in the Birthmark was Aylmer's announcement to Georgiana when he found her perusing his huge folio containing the entirety of his elixirs. Aylmer said It is risky to peruse in a magician's books.

Assume that you are a legal officer in the Department of Foreign Dissertation

Accept that you are a lawful official in the Department of Foreign Affairs in your nation of nationality (Cyprus). You have been - Dissertation Example In any case, this declaration may be viewed as a negligible custom since the League of Nations temporarily perceived Palestine as a free state just as the 1922 Mandate for Palestine that granted Palestine to Great Britain.1 Again in 1947, the United Nations General Assembly passed Resolution 181(11) Future Government of Palestine ordered the division of Palestine into two expresses: a Jewish and an Arab state. In 1948, the Jewish state was declared as the State of Israel.2 Attempts and progress regarding the acknowledgment of an Arab Palestinian state anyway has been tempestuous. The 1988 assertion did nothing to change the status quo.3 Palestine has made some troublesome memories accomplishing what many feel is its legitimate right: free state status. This trouble encompasses the absence of acknowledgment inside the worldwide network, a vital essential for the viable procurement of state status.4 A fundamental piece of the issue is the Arab League’s resistance to the acknowle dgment of Israel as a free state. This has made critical pressures among Israel and Arabs in the area and Palestinians are following through on the cost. None of this reduces the legitimate components qualifying Palestine for state recognition.5 The discussion over the suitable state status of Palestine is generally partisan.6 This report adopts a completely non-divided strategy to the issue of the proper state status of Palestine and analyzes the issue from the viewpoint of the individuals of Palestine and its region. In such manner, isolated and separated from political thought, this reports looks at the lawful components of statehood under worldwide law just as the privilege of self-assurance with respect to the individuals of Palestine under universal standard and human rights law. Cyprus knows very well the battles that go with regional cases and the refusal of the privilege to self-assurance having endured its own division and battles for an autonomous state contrary to both G reece and Turkey.7 This report in any case, doesn't advocate for perceiving the state status of Palestine out of compassion, however basically in light of the fact that it is the correct activity under worldwide law and reinforces Palestine’s acknowledgment by one of just a couple of part states to the EU. In putting forth the defense for Cyprus’ acknowledgment of Palestine as an autonomous express this report will be introduced in 5 sections. The principal area gives foundation and chronicled setting comparative with the Israeli-Palestinian clash and the state status of Palestine. Area 2 looks at the Montevideo Convention rules for statehood according to Palestine. Area 3 distinguishes and examinations the acknowledgment of Palestine as a state inside the global network. Segment 4 investigations the UN General Assembly Resolution A/67/L.28 which overhauls Palestine’s state status. Segment 5 of this report will examine the privilege to self-assurance under world wide human rights law and its suggestions for Palestine’s state

Go Visit A College Campus

Look for large lecture halls and small classrooms. Take a seat and see how you feel. Whether you’ve been diligently working on your college applications or pretending that application deadlines are still months away, consider a break and take a day to visit a nearby college campus. A few pointers: 1.   Stay local. For your initial college visit, you don’t need to plan a whole cross-country trip. Even if the closest college isn’t one you are planning to apply to, you’ll still gain perspective and maybe the motivation to start your essay writing. 2.   Take a tour. The admissions office is an excellent place to start. Take a campus tour (led by a current student, in almost all cases), and meet individually or in a group setting with a member of the admissions staff. After a few hours, you’ll have the lowdown on the admissions process and the layout of the major campus landmarks. 3.   Picture yourself as a student. While you are on campus, look for large lecture halls and small classrooms. Take a seat and see how you feel. Find current students and ask about their likes and dislikes. See how big the campus really is. I once had a friend who happily requested a residence hall overlooking the campus golf course. It wasn’t until he arrived on campus that he realized the golf course was: a) covered in snow 6+ months of the year and b) a solid 15 minute walk from the engineering quad where he was taking his classes. Take a walk around the surrounding area. Are you able to find a variety of things to do and places to go? 4.   Collect your thoughts. When you complete your visit, spend some time collecting your impressions, both positive and negative. As you visit other campuses, revisit your initial list and compare your reactions. Now that your break is over, what are you waiting for? It’s time to get back to work on those applications! Check out our services section to find out how an Accepted admissions expert can help you apply successfully to your dream schools! hbspt.cta.load(58291, '0ee8e88d-1832-4c85-800d-5fa12c99a295'); Related Resources: †¢Ã‚  Preparing for College in High School: A To-Do List for Eleventh Graders  [Free Guide] †¢Ã‚  10 Reflections on Teacher Recommendations †¢Ã‚  Common App Supplemental Essay Tips

Contribution And Personality Of Immanuel Kant - 550 Words

Contribution And Personality Of Immanuel Kant (Essay Sample) Content: Kants Grounding for the Metaphysics of MoralsName:Institution:Professor:Date:Q. 1. In what way, according to Kant, is a good will good?The good will, in accordance with Kant, is basically the only entity that is good in and of itself. In spite of the ends, separated from subjective requirements and longings, the good will is just its individual end. It is unconditional and to be regarded exceptionally higher than anything else that could be accompanied by it in support of any preference or even of the accumulation of inclinations (Kant, p. 62). Poetically, it would oomph like a jewel its right, just like something which holds whole worthy in its own.Q.2. The Main Philosophical Points that Kant makes with the examples in pages 10-12?In this pages, Kant firmly believed that people should perform their duty rationally, in a way that promotes the universal moral law. He goes ahead holding that one should act in a line that does not intimidate others. The rules should upho ld moral values of the society and promote coexistence concerning duty and good will. (Kant, p.11).In his faith, Kant argued that the ethical theory he h...

Essay about Matching Leadership Styles - 910 Words

Choosing the right leadership style of the situation or employee is very important, but just as important is choosing the right leadership style for the organization. Every organization has their own culture and that culture often lends itself to a particular leadership style or styles. If the leadership style your manager uses is in contrast with the culture of the organization there can be difficulties. Not only could this lead to a butting heads between the leadership of the organization, but also the employees are often left confused and bewildered by the conflicting information of what they know of the organization and the instructions they are receiving from their manager. Hiring leaders and management for your organization whose†¦show more content†¦Some would say the main problem here was hiring a manager whose leadership style did not fit with the leadership style of the existing leaders of this branch of the organization. And an argument could certainly be made to that effect. Szilagyi Schweiger (1984) suggest that it is important to match the manager’s skills, experience and style to the task at hand by, â€Å"evaluating the job, including needed requirements, activities, and behaviors for effective performance† (p. 627). However, if you are really looking for what when wrong here, I would suggest evaluating whether either management style, laissez-faire or autocratic, was really appropriate for this small office. Perhaps not only were the leadership styles in conflict with each other, but also with the requirements of the employees and the organization as a whole. In the free-rein or laissez-faire leadership Zenger, Folkman Stinnett (2010) state, â€Å"many interpret this style as benign neglect† and that â€Å"over time, people who are given great latitude (or ignored) feel untethered and ungrounded†. Employees felt they were given a task or assignment and little direction or instruction on how to accomplish it. Nickles, McHugh McHugh (2010) describeShow MoreRelatedWhat Makes A Effective Leadership?862 Words   |  4 Pageseffective leadership requires and how to get better ethical outcomes in the workplace. The readings present informative aspects of what constitutes an effective leadership and in my opinion a guide to the real world, for ethical decision making. Indeed shaping oneself to become a leader is not an overnight process, one requires great patience and time to develop strong leadership styles to help harness the followers skills and talents they bring to an organization. The leadership styles characterizesRead MoreLeadership Model That Deals With Team Performance Outcomes1242 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Leadership can be defined as a process by which one individual influences others toward the attainment of group or organizational goals. Three point about the definition of leadership should be emphasized. First, leadership is a social influence process. Leadership cannot exist without a leader and one or more followers. Second, leadership elicits voluntary action on the part of followers. The voluntary nature of compliance separates leadership from other types of influence based on formal authorityRead MoreTheories of Leadership Essay example1492 Words   |  6 PagesSituational Leadership: Houses Path-Goal verses Hersey and B lanchards Leadership Model Situational Leadership: Houses Path-Goal verses Hersey and Blanchards Leadership Model Do you ever reflect on someone that had or has such a positive impact on you that when you think of them words like competent, inspiring, intelligent, courageous, respect, and mentor come to mind? Chances are all of us have had or still have someone like this in our lives, and that someone, is an effective leaderRead MoreDifferent Styles Of Leadership And Its Impact On The Sailor s And Missions That We Lead910 Words   |  4 Pagesdifferent styles of leadership and if we are to stick to just one type of style it could have a negative impact on the Sailor’s and missions that we lead. As leaders we need to be aware of our personnel and make sure that we are using the right type of leadership and that we do not become complacent in our style of leadership. In this paper we will look at three types of leadership, Situational Leadership, Transformational Leadership, and Transactional Leadership. Situational Leadership SituationalRead MoreSituational Leadership Theory Vs. Model864 Words   |  4 PagesSituational leadership theory or model comprises a few key elements. These include four styles of leadership, the maturity level of the subordinates and the developmental models. The four leadership styles According to Hersey and Blanchard, there are four basic leadership styles association with the situational leadership model. The four are: telling, selling, participating and delegating. Telling As the name suggest, this leadership styles refers to an almost autocratic leadership role in whichRead MoreThe Benefits Of Situational Leadership856 Words   |  4 PagesObjective – examine the benefits of situational leadership in the SLII model. â€Å"What is the best leadership style?† Hersey and Blanchard concede to the fact that there is no low-hanging fruit to this question. Leadership depends on applying the correct leadership, personal style in a specific situation as the graph below elaborates. Situational leadership means, â€Å"Choosing the right leadership style for the right people†, according to Northouse (2016). According to Blanchard and Hersey from NorthouseRead MoreLeadership Competencies Of The United States Healthcare Industry797 Words   |  4 PagesLeadership Competencies For years in the United States healthcare industry, leaders were not hired with formal training already under their belts, but were thrust into management. This under sight has now started to change because of the new health care laws. The healthcare field has realized that employee turnover was high, and costs were out of control. A main cause of such problems were discovered to be due to a lack of proper guidance and leadership. Healthcare leadership has many challengesRead MoreLeadership Styles May Affect Organizational Leadership866 Words   |  4 Pagesleader influences followers in a manner to achieve desired goals. Different leadership styles may affect organizational leadership is a stronger predictor of performance is influenced by a competitive and innovative culture. Organizational Culture is influenced by leadership style and consequently, leadership style affects organizational performance. Nearly every business that people engage in requires some organizational leader ship to ensure that things go smoothly. Sometimes people clamor for that positionRead MoreThe Autocratic And Participative Leadership Styles Impact Company Culture, And Conflict Resolution1175 Words   |  5 Pagesparticipative leadership styles impacts company culture, and conflict resolution. At the core of leadership, is how individuals in an organization are rewarded and punished (Nwibere, 2013). Two very successful autocratic leaders are Steve Jobs of Apple, and Jack Ma of the Chinese company Alibaba (Allen, 2011; Shao, 2014). James Parker, CEO of Southwest Airlines during the 9/11 attacks is cited as a great participatory leader (Advice America, 2015). This paper discusses how each style shapes companyRead MoreEssay on Case Law Offices of Jeter1080 Words   |  5 Pagesfirm worked from a style of collaboration and meeting to understand the needs of their employees. However, their growth left them needing someone to take over the day to day, yet important operations of t he organization like human resources, and marketing. The partners decided to create a General Operations Manager. The partners hired someone who had a background as a longtime administrator from the insurance industry seeking a final career change. This person’s leadership style was autocratic which

The Infamous Southern Great Wall Of America - 995 Words

The infamous southern great wall of America According to Jeffrey M. Jones, polls reveal that national security and immigration are some of the most important issues for voters in the 2016 presidential election (1). Both issues are directly related with the need to secure our southern border. In our present times national security became a priority. According to Tricia Escobedo, the last year’s terrorist attack in Paris on the night of November 13th left 129 people dead and hundreds wounded. The perpetrators were a mix of French nationals, and Syrian refugees that migrate to Europe due to the current open door policy for asylum seekers (1). We have a problem because our southern border is an open door for foreign terrorist to enter our country, due to the fact that the many people cross illegally. According to Stephen Dinan, nearly 800,000 people arrived in the past two years (1). I am veteran of the United States Army that deployed many times to Afghanistan, I lived in what we call forward operating bases, this forward operating bases had a secure perimeter due to the presence of physical barrier in this case a wall, in order to protect the people inside, and this solution work because it keep any threats away. We had 100 percent control of the people entering the Forward Operating Base, this kind of control reduced drastically any possibility that a foreign terrorist could enter inside the base, and cause severe casualties between the civilian and military personnel. WeShow MoreRelatedWhy Jackie Robinson Was The First Pro Ball Player844 Words   |  4 PagesDuring the Gilded age many social class, racial walls and gender bias developed lines walls and boundaries for people. The funny thing about that is as new boundaries, walls and limitations were being built sports and the development of it broke them down or found new ways for the different genders and races to find ways to use sports as an outlet. Women were constantly fighting for their right to be involved in sports and pushing the limits as to what social norm deemed acceptable for them toRead MoreImmigration Has Been A Pressing Issue In Society For Many1617 Words   |  7 Pagesimmigrants crossing the border from Mexico. This can cause overpopulation and these people can take out a great deal of money in society while also being infamous for committing a majority of our country’s crime. The first noticeable appearance of Immigration in the United States was in the 1500s. The original inhabitants of the United states crossed the land bridge that connected Asia and North America and the Spanish and French established settlements. Black slaves were also considered ImmigrantsRead MoreA New Phenomenon And Donald Trump1121 Words   |  5 PagesWhite House is not a new phenomenon and Donald Trump is not the first billionaire—nor nearly the most interesting—to make a run at the presidency. Decades earlier, a character just as controversial made a bold attempt at seizing the highest office in America. The newly elected 45th president of the United States, Donald J. Trump bares a striking similarity in many ways to the ultra-powerful newspaper magnate. William Randolph Hearst was arguably at one point the most powerful man on earth. Long beforeRead More The Battle of Gettysburg as the Turning Point of the Civil War1603 Words   |  7 Pagesslaves, chargin g high dues for use of their land. The Southern or Confederate Army was made up of a group of white males fighting for their independence from federal northern dictates (The History Place Battle of Gettysburg 1).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Union economy was based on manufacturing, and even the minorities in the North were better off than those in the South most of the time. The Northern politicians wanted tariffs, and a large army. The Southern plantation owners wanted the exact opposite.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  TheRead MoreThe President Of The United States1617 Words   |  7 Pagessweat equity and various extreme business proposals. Recently, he has signed up to campaign as America’s next great president with his infamous slogan, â€Å"Make America great again.† This giant task is no match for a proven executive that Trump is. He plans to successfully accomplish any task through his own handcrafted set of unique, specific plans of action and American traditional ideals. America needs Trump as much as humans need oxygen. He is firm believer of American Exceptionalism, education, strengthRead MoreEssay on Gettysburg1406 Words   |  6 Pagesother hand the Union economy was one of manufacturing. Although there was still inequality, the minorities in the North were better off than those in the south on an average basis. The northern politicians wanted tariffs, and a large army while the southern plantation owners wanted the exact opposite. Like Northern society the Union army was one of many races and types of people. The Union army was far from one of equality, but it was better than the South. Because of these differences, the CivilRead MoreBenny Goodman s King Of Swing1363 Words   |  6 PagesReed Dr. Keast Music April 15, 2015 Benny Goodman Benny Goodman the â€Å"King of Swing†. A man who owned the American Jazz and an amazing swing musician, clarinetist, and bandleader. This naming him as the infamous â€Å"King of Swing†. Goodman led the most popular musical groups known in America. Goodman was recognized as putting the most important jazz concert in history out to the public in 1938. Singlehandedly being the most recognized clarinet player for this era and doing it flawlessly. ManyRead MoreThe History of Terrorism in America1861 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Terrorism in America tends to be a product of many issues, population as well as conflict that has co-existed within the nations borders. Uniquely United State has been known for its ability to contain multitudes in relative harmony. According to investigations, majority of terrorism in the history of America is motivated by an extreme distrust of the ideal American democracy that has given opportunity for every individual to claim loyalty to, in addition to benefiting from AmericanRead MoreAn Analysis Of Jailhouse Boxing, Stato And The 52blocks1522 Words   |  7 Pagesship Captains, such as John Hardy Hawkins who sailed the good ship Jesus Lubeck and the Madre de Deus (Mother of God), and other European (Portuguese/Spaniards) traders who separated and exploited the many tribes of Africa.† Unfortunately, a great deal of the African and the African American history has been lost. With the exception of some ‘Old Gee Chee’ stories and the many John Henry type folklores; of the black Hero’s and Heroine’s that helped saved the day, and thus there is limited documentationRead MoreCivil Rights Act of 19641840 Words   |  8 PagesBefore the Civil Rights Act of 1964, segregation in the United States was commonly practiced in many of the Southern and Border States. This segregation while supposed to be separate but equal, was hardly that. Blacks in the South were discriminated against repeatedly while laws did nothing to protect their individual rights. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 ridded the nation of this legal segregation and cleared a path towards equality and integration. The passage of this Act, while forever altering

Applied Ethics- Biomedical Ethics Midterm Assignment

Luisa Uran IB Philosophy-Harvey 20 January 2015 Applied Ethics- Biomedical Ethics Midterm Assignment Word Count: Applied ethics, put simply, is a term used to describe an event, issue, or situation which can be debated on its morality. Using philosophical ideas, we try to decide the moral choice and if these situations should be allowed. Of course, being humans and having different upbringings and different environments, we often don’t concur on many issues. One topic that is highly debatable is euthanasia. What exactly IS euthanasia? According to Merriam Webster1, euthanasia is the act or practice of killing someone who is very sick or injured in order to prevent any more suffering.2 Basically a mercy killing. Many people support†¦show more content†¦There is active, passive, voluntary, and involuntary euthanasia as well as assisted suicide.6 In active euthanasia, something is done to speed up death in an uncomfortable situation for a person, such as apply a lethal injection, different from passive euthanasia where nothing is done, such as not administer treatment because someo ne is so close to death or pull someone off of life support. The difference between voluntary and involuntary euthanasia is pretty clear. This just explains if the suicide was voluntary or not. If a patient seeks euthanasia, it is voluntary, if the person is unconscious or cannot make their own decisions, and the family decides for the patient, it is involuntary. There is a difference between euthanasia and assisted suicide, however. Euthanasia would be a doctor administering the drug that is meant to cause death, and assisted suicide is being provided the means to end your life (such as lethal injection), and administering it yourself. Where would this practice be okay? Some people may or may not be

The Choice Must Be Ours - 1421 Words

Christine Munderville Professor Schlanger December 2016 English 101 The Choice Must be Ours Physician assisted suicide should be legalized in all states. Terminally ill patients need to have the availability of this choice. Without it they are forced to suffer physically, emotionally and financially. Legalization of Death with Dignity in all states opens doors of easement for both those afflicted by illness and their families. Physician assisted suicide is voluntary termination of one’s own life by administration of a lethal substance with direct or indirect assistance of a physician. Physician-assisted suicide is to be distinguished from the withholding or discontinuance of life support measures in terminal or vegetative states so that the patient dies of the underlying illness, and from administration of narcotic analgesics in terminal cancer, which may indirectly hasten death (â€Å"Phys Asst Suicide†). Since the medical community strives to offer medical treatment to sustain human life, many people think that physician assisted suicide challenges princi ples of medicine. However, relentless attempts to either reduce physical or psychological pain only then extends into a life of suffering. It is said that all pain is not bearable, especially for people who have terminal illnesses. At what point is preserving life within any means successful if no quality of lifeShow MoreRelatedThe Good Man Must Choose Virtuous Action For Its Own Sake1557 Words   |  7 Pagesthat the good man must choose virtuous action for its own sake. A man who is drawn towards vice, but acts rightly, but doesn’t want too, is not at all a virtuous man. Passion and pleasure must be felt through virtuous actions in order for his passions to naturally draw him toward virtue and away from vices. Therefore, habits allow us to train our passions in the right way, so that we do choose virtue for its own sake and recoil away from vice (Mertz, 1997). Although many people adopt the rules taughtRead MoreThe Topic Of Free Will1659 Words   |  7 Pagesmy own choices, but now I am not so sure. To start, we must first define the term ‘free will.’ According to the Oxford English Dictionary, free will is â€Å"spontaneous or unconstrained will† or the â€Å"inclination to act without suggestion from others† (â€Å"free will†). There are four major views on the topic of free will. One is fatalism which is the view that all things are determined to happen but prior events do not influence these events. Another view, determinism, is the belief that all choices are alreadyRead MoreEuthanasia: Ethical Choice or Not?1236 Words   |  5 PagesIn today’s society we are constantly being presented with choices that require our judgement on whether we believe that choice is ethical or not. Most of these choices are not things that we will likely ever be confronted with, and yet we are compelled to judge t he moral actions of others. Euthanasia has come to the fore-front of these moral and ethical issues. Euthanasia is defined as â€Å"the painless killing of a patient suffering from an incurable and painful disease or in an irreversible coma† andRead MoreLife is like a Menu962 Words   |  4 PagesA MENU Life is like a huge Menu---Full of choices at each stage to choose from. So many different items and so many choices to make and so much confusion.The Only difference is that the choices are not listed out systematically as in a menu card. We get what we order. Whenever we go to a restaurant, we order meals of our preference and avoid what we dislike and so relish the meal. Life is the same. If we choose what we like to do, we will enjoy our life . Sometimes we may be influenced by othersRead MoreThe Ethics Of Identity And Choice1559 Words   |  7 PagesLimited work has been done in the field of philosophy concerning how identity and choice interact. However, Kwame A. Appiah puts forth an account of identity in his book The Ethics of Identity (2010) that sheds light on how one’s choices may be effected by the identities they chose. The following will describe Appiah’s view of identity and how it influences choice, and conclude by providing commentary concerning how effective Appiah’s account of identity is and how it can be improved. Appiah (2010Read MoreMaking A Difference With The Road Not Taken By Robert Frost1690 Words   |  7 PagesTaken Life is full of choices, and there is a time in every man’s experience when he must run his own life, without the help of others pointing the way. The right to make one’s own mind up shows self-reliance and gives dignity to the doer. In the famous poem, â€Å"The Road Not Taken†, by Robert Frost, we can see a perfect example of this situation through the character in the poem. There is a man who is traveling alone in a forest. The traveler comes to a fork in the road where he must choose between twoRead More Vouchers and School Choice Now! Essay774 Words   |  4 PagesSchool Choice Now!      Ã‚  Ã‚   This is America the Free, the leader of the free world. I have choice in many aspects of my life. For one of the most important concerns I have - the education of my children - my choices are limited. The governments rigid control over public education choice has got to stop. While it is true I can send my child to a private school, I must incur costs above and beyond what I already provide to society for public education through taxes. I can afford this; many peopleRead MoreThe Difference in Thoughts on Freedom of the Grand Inquisitor and Existentialists715 Words   |  3 Pageslevel, whereby the Inquisitor condemns Christ for offering human beings the choice between good and evil yet gives them a weak will to make such decisions. It is better to be happy and to have no choices, says the Inquisitor, since so many people will end up miserable and condemned as a result of their freedom. (Much like Adam and Eve seem inevitably destined to be cast out of the Garden of Eden by their own, freely-willed choice to eat of the Tree of Knowledge). To a contemporary American, the ideaRead More Existentialism Vs. Determinism Essay783 Words   |  4 Pagesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Analyzing our individual free will can be very intriguing and can almost reach the point of being paradoxical. Ultimately, free will determines the level of responsibility we claim for our actions. Obviously, if outside forces determine our choices, we cannot be held responsible for our actions. However, if our choices are made with total freedom than certainly we must claim responsibility for our choices and actions. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Read MoreThe Engineer s Ultimate Satisfying Solution1685 Words   |  7 Pagesthe modern engineer has many scales to consider. The critical scale for the designer to balance is the scale between social reality and brute reality. The engineer must rationalize and optimize a solution to give it both purpose and functionality. The challenge is further complicated by the group dynamic of an engineering team which must globally optimize and collectively rationalize a multi-objective and multi-stakeholder project. The engineer’s ultimate satisfying solution should harmonize and integrate

Nuclear Power Persuasive Essay Example For Students

Nuclear Power Persuasive Essay Most of the worlds electricity is generated by either thermal or hydroelectric power plants. Thermal power plants use fuel to boil waterwhich makes steam. The steam turns turbines that generate electricity. Hydroelectric power plants use the great force of rushing water from a dam or a waterfall to turn the turbines.The majority of thermal power plants burn fossil fuels because thermal power plants are cheaper to maintain and have to meet less of the governments requirements compared to nuclear power plants. Fossil fuels are coal and oil. The downfall of using fossil fuels is that they are limited. Fossil fuels are developed from the remains of plants and animals that died millions of years ago. Burning fossil fuels has other downfalls, too. All the burning that is required to turn the turbines releases much sulfur, nitrogen gases, and other pollutants into the atmosphere.The cleanest, cheapest, and least polluting power plant of the two types is the hydroelectric power plant. The main reason most countries use thermal versus the hydroelectric is because their countries dont have enough concentrated water to create enough energy to generate electricity.Nuclear power plants generate only about eleven percent of the worlds electricity. There are around 316 nuclear power plants in the world that create 213,000 megawatts of electricity. (INFOPEDIA) Radioactive, or nuclear, waste is the by-product of nuclear fission. Fission occurs when atoms nucleus split and cause a nuclear reaction. When a free neutron splits a nucleus, energy isreleased along with free neutrons, fission fragments that give off beta rays, and gamma rays. A free neutron from the nucleus that just split splits another nucleus. This process continues on and is called a chain reaction. The fission process is used to create heat, which boils water inside the nuclear reactor. The steam that boiling the water makes is used to turn turbines, which in turn, generate electricity. Fission happens inside a carefully monitored nuclear reactor, when being used in a nuclear power plant. The fission process that nuclear power plants use spends approximately 30,000 tons of highly radioactive waste a year.

Essay about The Crucible by Arthur Miller Example For Students

Essay about The Crucible by Arthur Miller The Crucible was based in 1692 in and around the town of Salem, Massachusetts, USA. The Salem witch-hunt was view as one of the strangest and most horrendous chapters in the human history. People that were prosecuted were all innocent and their deaths were all due to false accusation of people’s ridiculous belief in superstition and their paranoia. The Puritans in those times were very strict in personal habits and morality; swearing, drunkenness and gambling would be punished. The people of Salem believed in the devil and thought that witchcraft should be hunted out. The play can be seen as a eneral statement on the effects that fear and fanaticism can have on human beings and how one person can cause such catastrophe. It is a purely a controversial play, so why write a play knowing the danger you were putting yourself in? Arthur Miller wrote the play because he was accused of being a communist; Miller attended meetings between communist writers. He was fined and given a suspended prison sentence. We will write a custom essay on about The Crucible by Arthur Miller specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now When he wrote the play, he focused on a series of true events, which took place in and around the town of Salem. As Miller saw what was happening around him at the time, he realised that e himself could not take any direct action, or speak out against the act of McCarthyism because he could put himself in danger. He did, however, realise that he could make other Americans see how they were acting towards each other and how paranoia were the main cause to this widespread hysteria. Realising that he has to prevent this hysteria from developing further was to write a play, in hope that the audience would see what the hidden meaning and message he was trying to portray, instead of being just a play. Many things in history can relate in different aspects. The comparison of the Salem Witch trials nd McCarthyism are examples of things in history that show similarities. Looking at the two historical events, we can see that hysteria was ever-present at the times in which they occurred. It is evident that this hysteria ruined the lives of many people, due to the constant accusations of witches and communists. The events that led up to the Salem witch trails and McCarthyism was also similar. Both events were irrational fears that witchcraft and communism were going to change the face of society if drastic measures were not taken. People were involved in persecution in both time framed. In Salem, it as the witches who were hunted. With McCarthyism, it was the communists that were hunted. As in America in the 1950s (their assumption being that communists were out there), in The Crucible the villagers of Salem believed that the devil was out there. The people really believed that Lucifer was roaming the streets of Salem seeking to destroy the town and seeking to destroy the institution of the church. In many ways the assumption of devil activity seemed to be a way of finding a scapegoat for the personal problems of the community. So The Crucible is a subtle way to show what was happening in America at the time without actually relating to that time. In Salem the accused are the communists and the accusers are McCarthyists. So John Proctor the hero of Arthur Millers story is the equivalent of a suspected communist in the USA at the time of the cold war. This shows a great resemblance of the American history, which Miller was obviously trying to portray. The character of John Proctor can also be linked closely Arthur Miller himself, both individuals stood up for what they believed in and got punished for doing so. This could be one the reason why Miller chose Proctor as one of the main character. .u094d69888a9bfa82772945a18b8fdd89 , .u094d69888a9bfa82772945a18b8fdd89 .postImageUrl , .u094d69888a9bfa82772945a18b8fdd89 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u094d69888a9bfa82772945a18b8fdd89 , .u094d69888a9bfa82772945a18b8fdd89:hover , .u094d69888a9bfa82772945a18b8fdd89:visited , .u094d69888a9bfa82772945a18b8fdd89:active { border:0!important; } .u094d69888a9bfa82772945a18b8fdd89 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u094d69888a9bfa82772945a18b8fdd89 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u094d69888a9bfa82772945a18b8fdd89:active , .u094d69888a9bfa82772945a18b8fdd89:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u094d69888a9bfa82772945a18b8fdd89 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u094d69888a9bfa82772945a18b8fdd89 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u094d69888a9bfa82772945a18b8fdd89 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u094d69888a9bfa82772945a18b8fdd89 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u094d69888a9bfa82772945a18b8fdd89:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u094d69888a9bfa82772945a18b8fdd89 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u094d69888a9bfa82772945a18b8fdd89 .u094d69888a9bfa82772945a18b8fdd89-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u094d69888a9bfa82772945a18b8fdd89:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: An Inspector Calls Essay IntroductionHumans as a race do not seem to learn from their mistakes, for if they did, World War II would not have occurred. This, for Miller, turned out to be to his advantage, as he managed to find a similarity with 1950s America and 1692, Salem. The Americans were devoted to their democratic government and their how their lives were run so communism was a real threat to the livelihood of the American people. A group of anti-communist battle began and it was led by an America politician called Joseph Raymond McCarthy. The reason to why Miller used the idea of witchcraft instead of McCarthyism is obvious; because had he said irectly that he did not agree with the actions being taken, he would have been taken to court. Society did not accept any criticism towards ways in which things were run at the time. Although many Americans stood back and live their lives the way they were told to, Miller in the other hand felt that things couldn’t carry on the way it is. The Salem witch trials and McCarthyism have similar beginnings and similar results. Such hysteria came about because of the excessive suspicion that was planted in the peoples minds, by Parris and McCarthy. Despite this, it was Parris and McCarthy who primarily rise he hysteria that occurred. Such hysteria may occur today, dealing with the issue on terrorism. Racial profiling and accusations may be prominent in our country once again! If the right events and the right people trigger such a scare, our country could be in a state of mass hysteria as it was two times already. Despite the age of The Crucible there are many issues included in it that are still very relevant in the modern world to day. Due to Miller’s clever plot and distinctive techniques, he was able to bring the history to life. This play turned out to be one of the most relevant plays of the past and of today.

TOK Religious beliefs Essay Example

TOK: Religious beliefs Paper We seem to emit too much respect towards the faithful; after-all, is it not the belief in a book claiming imaginable things about the nature of the universe that is a demonstration of virtue? Put this way no. Claiming that the Bible is a resource of ignorance and unending drivel in general or more specifically about the beauty in which our world is to end6 is not only repressed, but also reinterpreted by apologists, who in the light of their error, can now turn a passage requiring one to kill into a passage preaching love. Religious beliefs are in no way as holy as they claim and their unchallengeable status, only challenged by few, is not seemingly worthy of such. Many also seem to miss the point when they claim that religious belief is private and personal, for it is certainly not, as it is as private as any other action. After all, any major action one does is in no doubt based on a belief. For example the belief that it is going to snow assures one to dress warmly. The belief that your God can heal is after all an incentive to pray instead of going to hospital. We will write a custom essay sample on TOK: Religious beliefs specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on TOK: Religious beliefs specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on TOK: Religious beliefs specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Going to hospital is the rejection, at least temporarily, of this belief, and it is rejection of beliefs about the nature of ones God, or the doubt of them that seems to save ones life. What is it to be said of the moderate believing in an all powerful god, but in virtue of his rationality dismisses his faith for many matters of utmost importance. One of the many cases where the moderates beliefs come into conflict with the world are, for purpose of argument, ethical issues. Religions values and ethics that it claims to inspire are the product of extinct cultures whose knowledge of the world was as simply put limited. For these cultures a windmill would have been a devastating feat of technology. Why then does religion rally us to return to fourteenth century ethics? Should our values really be inspired from books issued of such cultures? Is it not our belief that blastocysts have souls that have restrained our advancement of stem cell research, where if left to the scientists would have probably saved the lives of many7? Is it not time for devout mothers to understand that contraception is and should no longer be a taboo in certain cultures? Additionally, a belief in the afterlife will invariably affect the way one treats the death punishment. If death is not the end, then is the death penalty not more justifiable? One has to realize that the core tenet of religion requiring the belief in an afterlife, in which no-one has a proof of even being remotely true, is maybe comforting for us, but certainly not for the many others whose life is at the mercy of afterlife believing hands. Religious belief and faith seems to indeed be a problem once they have hijacked ones head. For any basic observation of the world would lead one to understand that we are often unwilling to change our minds. If humanity is to one day destroy itself in a nuclear war for example- one can invariably attribute the motivational belief behind such action to be a religious one. If religion is to stay and hopefully for it thrive, then one has to be aware that it will not be such as long as religious beliefs support untested facts about the world that affect our behavior. One should especially be aware that living an untestable hypothesis only to be confirmed on the day one dies is not as harmful as it may seem if one attributes the possibility of a life beyond the grave to a demanding deity. 1 1 Samuel 18:10, 2 kings 6:33 and many other passages actively encourage superstition about the nature of illness. 2 Pascals wager is the argument in which Blaise Pascal argued that a belief in God was the correct attitude to such claim as it leads to the possibility of eternal life. 3 Swap the proposition of Gods existence to any other less preposterous comforting claim about the nature of the universe. 4 Deuteronomy 13:7-11 calls for the eradication of all believers in foreign gods. It may be the Old Testament but it is explicit. On another note, moderates no longer wish to kill in the name of God but still actively encourage the use of the word God as if it were not anything like talking gibberish. 5 Consider the hygienic belief of not washing self; would it a positive demonstration of diversity? Would it enrich humanity? Or would it at the least be a possibly dangerous idea which one should seek to discard? 6See the book of Revelation 7 Indeed the U. S. removing its ban on stem cell research funding is but only the product of secular values. Another comment can be said about moderate religion, it is but only the product of secular values too.

How Do I Write An Essay About Two Topics And Then Include Them Tog?

How Do I Write An Essay About Two Topics And Then Include Them Tog?How do I write an essay about two separate topics and then include them too? Do you have the answers for this question?Why are you asking this question? We can answer it in many ways.We might ask how to write an essay about one topic and then write an essay about a different topic. In fact, the answer to this question is very simple. You just need to put your topic in the title of your essay. You can find many more great tips on how to write an essay about two separate topics and then include them tog in this article.The two topics we are going to discuss are 'The Two Savages' by E.M. Forster and 'The Epistle of Barnabas' by E.M. Forster.The first topic we are going to discuss is the Gospel Tales by Thomas Malory. It was very controversial when it was first published. It was also controversial when it was re-published as well.This controversy did not take place because of the way Thomas Malory wrote the stories. In fa ct, the public didn't care. They just wanted to know how they could be related to the gospels. It is also interesting to note that during this time, in the middle ages, the public wanted to know how they could read the stories and believe the same stories that were related in the gospels.As we continue the discussion of this topic, we will move on to the second topic we will address in this article; The Epistle of Barnabas. This Epistle from the Apostle Barnabas, was written in the year A.D. 200. It has been said that it is the first book ever written about Jesus.In many universities today, they consider this one of the best and most authoritative books ever written. Now, we will discuss how to write an essay about two separate topics and then include them too. Good luck!

African Americans in the Media

African Americans in the Media Free Online Research Papers The media consists of all types of communication used to reach society in one way or another. Whether the medium is print, film, television, internet, or advertisements, the media sends messages to mass audiences every day. These messages can be perceived either positively or negatively. They can have an impact on society at large or have a personal effect. Scholars have debated that the media lends a hand in constructing society’s views on places, situations, government, and races. Others suggest the media is providing entertainment and a progressive technology. The controversy between the affect of the media is ongoing. One of the main issues is that media has a powerful impact that has carved a place in society and amongst various races. Studies show that the African American culture can be used as an example to show the impact of media’s usage of stereotypes and cultural depiction in today’s society. The Media and Racial Discrimination Though there are various groups of minorities in the media, for all the various groups, the treatment seems to be the same. There is a direct contrast of the images portrayed between the majority and the minority groups when dealing with the media. (Freidman, 1995). The majority of the faces seen in the media are not people of ethnic orientation but of the White dominance. It is agreed by Media Awareness that in the media, the percentage of ethnic faces has grown over the years, but Caucasian actors still represent the majority with 80 percent. Oscar Gandy (1998) argues that the function of mass media in society is to find commonalities in order to market and reach a large group of people in a limited span of time. This leads to the mass marketing of the majority people. According to Wilson, â€Å"since nearly all of the people in the United States were White, many of them immigrants, this meant that Blacks, Latinos, Native Americans, Asians, and other people of color were treated as fringe audiences, not important enough in numbers to dictate the content that would be directed to the mass audience.†(1985). The media, therefore, focuses on reaching the main audience, leaving only a small place for minorities. It is in this small place that minorities are lumped together in a social class of injustice. (Dates, 1993) Whether the race is Indian, Asian American, African Americans, or Latinos, the image placed in the media is less enlightening and more subjective than the White race. (Wilson, 1985). Wilson describes the place and differences between minorities in the United States society as the melting pot mentality. â€Å"Blacks, Native Americans, Asian, and Latinos were groups whose physical appearances permanently identified them as different from the European Whites and had melted into the society of the Unites States. They were not only beyond the melting pot, but outside the mass audience,† (Wilson, 1985). Friedman also states that due to insignificant numbers compared to the White Majority, the â€Å"mass media treated groups not in the main stream by either ignoring them or stereotyping them.† (Wilson, 1985) The Media and Stereotyping The American Heritage Dictionary defines stereotyping as â€Å"a conventional, formulaic, and usually oversimplified conception, opinion, or belief.† Stereotyping is a natural process that has been entrenched into society. In the media, it is a mental way to simplify information to attract viewers and to relate with a mass audience. (Media Awareness). According to Media Awareness, â€Å"Stereotypes act like codes that give audiences a quick, common understanding of a person or group of people- usually relating to their class, ethnicity or race, gender, sexual orientation, social role or occupation.† Jack Nachbar writes that â€Å"a stereotype is a standardized conception or image of a specific group of people or objects. Stereotypes are ‘mental cookie cutters’they force a simple pattern upon a complex mass and assign a limited number of characteristics to all members of a group.† Wilson suggests that the reason stereotypes are used to portray minorit ies is to promote the white race. He states: Virtually every minority characterization was designed to reinforce the attitude of White superiority. Given the low socioeconomic status of working-class Whites during the heyday of the industrial age, movie producers capitalized on audience insecurities by using minority stereotypes to bolster their self-esteem and reinforce racial attitudes. Wilson suggests that minority cultures have been depicted stereotypically in two categorizes: intellectual and moral. He charts some of the common traits applied to Minority Portrayal in Early Movies: INTELLECTUAL MORAL Preoccupied with simplistic ideas Low regard for human life Inferior strategy in warfare/conflict situations Criminal activity Low or nonexistent occupational status Sexual promiscuity Poor speech patterns/ dialect Drug and alcohol abuse Comedic foil Dishonesty (Wilson, 1985) Wilson (1985) discusses that stereotyping is a helpful tool when it can be used without stereotyping, but that is a hard concept to perform when dealing with a mass audience. An example of useful stereotype without prejudice would be the common situation of a villain and a hero. But in order to for the stereotype to not contain any violence, the situation would be â€Å"a White villain brought to justice by a White hero in an entirely White social environment. That message transmitted to the audience would be that good overcomes evil† (Wilson, 1985). Yet, when the line of color is crossed and the villain is stereotyped as an ethnic minority in a white environment, it is then that the message decoded by the viewer is prejudice. According to Media Awareness the problems with stereotyping are: they reduce a wide range of differences in people to simplistic categorizations they transform assumptions about particular groups of people in to realities they can be used to justify the position of those in power they perpetuate social prejudice and inequality Jack Nachbar (1992) writes in Popular Culture that, â€Å"Stereotypes are frequently negative, and because a culture bases its actions upon beliefs and values which characterize the cultural mindset, negative stereotypes can be associated with actions of an exceedingly negative, harmful natureugly emotions and even worse behavior.† He also states that â€Å"despite the fact that stereotyping is a natural method of classification and despite the fact that stereotyping has some useful functions under certain circumstances, all too often stereotypes are the festering rot in the American mindset.† (Nachbar, 1992) The Media and Cultural Depiction In modern media every culture is depicted in a certain way based on assumed norms and stereotypes. The media embraces stereotypes in order to reach mass audience. The mass audience sees various cultures depicted in either a positive or negative light due to personal stereotypes. (Friedman, 1991) For example, Linda Holtzman discussed the cultural depictions of the individual minority races in the non- fiction material, Media Messages. She shares that American Indians have been depicted as savages and often times are assumed less than human. (2000). She writes, â€Å"Indians as well as other people of color were often portrayed in ways that emphasized the myth of white superiority. Indians were frequently depicted as less than intelligent than whites and less moral.† (Holtzman, 2000). As for Asian Americans, they are often depicted in one massive group ignoring the fact that they are from different countries, origins, and cultures. (Holtzman, 2000). Holtzman writes that the medi a â€Å"also has a tendency to instill the belief in the myth of Asian Americans as the model minority.†(2000). Wilson also argues this point in suggesting that the media has adopted the idea that Asian are vicious and devious, based upon their history of war and immigration to the United States. (1985). He writes that, â€Å"these attitudes have found their way into entertainment media†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Wilson, 1985). As far as the African American race, Travis L. Dixon (2000) notes that, â€Å"the overrepresentation of Blacks as lawbreakers and the under representation of Blacks as law defenders on television may have the effect of distorting viewers’ perception of Blacks as dangerous to our society.† Robert Entman (2000) cited a conversation between President Clinton and a US citizen to show power of the media’s depictions and how it is perceived by the audience: Mr. Morgan: Yes, I do honestly think that there is still discrimination in this country to a point. There are a lot of prejudice people out there that still remain†¦. And I think it has been ironed out in our generation. The President: Do you it’s because of personal experiences. Do you think it’s because you’ve had more direct personal experience with people from different age groups? Or do you think it’s because you grew up in a different time were climate, the legal and the political and the social climate, was different? Mr. Morgan: I think it was because I grew up in a different time. We grew up watching television. The Cosby Show was my favorite show (Laughter.) The President: So, therefore, if you worked at a bank and a Black person came in with a check you wouldn’t necessarily think it ought to be held because you saw Bill Cosby and he was a good role model? (Laughter.) No, this is important. No, no, this is important. Mr. Morgan: Yes, I don’t think I would give him a hard time. But at the same time, I have my own prejudices, whereas if I’m walking downtown on a street and I see a Black man walking towards me that’s not dressed as well, I may be a little bit scared. So, I mean, at the same time I have those prejudices. The President: Do you think that’s because of television crime shows or because of your personal experience? Mr. Morgan: It would have nothing to do with my personal experience. Just from the media, television shows and things I have heard. Entman concludes from this dialogue that the man has assumed these ideas based upon â€Å"what he learns from the media than personal experiences, understandably so since most Blacks and Whites in the United States continue to live their private lives apart from one another.† Tameka Richardson (2006) editor of African Americans in the media suggest that the media in representing minorities and especially African Americans stereotype and portray negative images of the culture. Wilson also writes that, â€Å"Media has offered an image of ethics as ‘problem people’ which means they are projected as people who either have problems or cause problems for society.† Media contributes and reinforces the idea that channels the attitudes of an individual person or the social structure of a group. Conclusively, the process of the medias usage of stereotypes has led to negative cultural depictions of not only African Americans but has impacted how minorities are viewed in society as a whole. Methodology Independent Variable: Media discrimination and cultural depiction Dependent Variable: Negative Image of African Americans Intervening Variables: Age, Gender, Sex, Frequency/Amount of Television Consumption The diagram shows how the media’s usage of race discrimination and depiction has a direct effect on the negative image of African Americans in society. The intervening variables are can be used to categorize research developments in showing the cause and the effect. Research Papers on African Americans in the MediaRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementWhere Wild and West Meet19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XHip-Hop is ArtCapital PunishmentMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductThe Effects of Illegal Immigration

Management in health care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Management in health care - Essay Example This report shocked health care experts and many organizational leaders are evaluating their health care delivery systems (Thweatt & Kleiner 2007). There is a call to health care experts to apply professional management approaches in health care provision. This paper covers the issue of management in healthcare. It highlights the role and importance of management in healthcare. It will give an insight on how to practice management and the problems that may be encountered in health care management. The research will look at two approaches, the scientific management approach and human relation management approach. It will show how each of the approaches is applied in running an organization. The research will also show how the two approaches are jointly applied in running an organization. A critical analysis of the two methods will show the similarities and differences between the two approaches of management. Drawing from an example of an institution that has applied a combination of the two approaches in management, we shall see if the approach is successful or not. The paper will conduct further analysis to show the implications of applying the two management approaches to health care service delivery. The analysis will focus on the people who work in health care service delivery organizations. This will help in finding out how these management approaches affect them in terms of problems they may face, benefits if any and possible suggestions on how to improve the strategies used to better suit the workers. The paper will also highlight the implications of the research to students who study public health. The primary role of management is to formulate policies, organize, plan, control and direct the resources of an organization so as to achieve the objectives of the policy. Management is defined as how an organization coordinates and organizes its activities in accordance to policies set so as to achieve the defined objectives of the

Essential for health and human service professionals Essay

Essential for health and human service professionals - Essay Example Patient care needs to be holistic for effective recovery and is accomplished through inter-professional practice whereby each professional learns from the others while on the other hand the others learn from him/her. This essay is a critique of the significance for health and human service professionals to understand the roles of other disciplines to enable an interdisciplinary approach to the design and provision of quality care and service. It illustrates how consumers, professionals, health and human service agencies, and government interact to plan and deliver health and human services. Healthcare professionals interact to combine the various skills they possess for the purpose of accomplishing the desired completeness for provision of quality healthcare services. Jones & Creedy (2009) observe that the reason why there are variations in the knowledge that health professionals possess is the fact that no single person can have all the skills required for the provision of healthcare services. It might take an extremely long period to complete all the courses involved in the healthcare field. The reason for dividing it in to smaller units and educating different experts in each unit is therefore justified. All the units are focused on maintenance of good health amongst the public. The professionals working in the various healthcare fields such as nurses, physicians, pharmacists and dentists among others are therefore integral components of the healthcare system. Competition between any of the professionals would be meaningless especially due to the fact that their tas ks are not similar but they have to be accomplished in order for the organizations offering healthcare services to accomplish their goals (Jessup 2007). An example of an important collaboration in healthcare for the safety of patients is the relationship between a physician, patient and a pharmacist. After a physician recommends medication to a patient, it is

How Did Kurt Cobain Die Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

How Did Kurt Cobain Die - Essay Example His marriage to Courtney Love in 1992 was based partially on shared drug use, primarily heroin, and mostly on her unexpected pregnancy. Despite this, Cobain was reportedly happy for the first time he could remember and adored his daughter and his wife. He almost overdosed several times on drugs, with Love claiming some of these were suicide attempts, yet Cobain denied feeling suicidal and instead claimed that he was attempting to escape his wife. When his body was discovered on April 8, 1994, his death was ruled a suicide. A shotgun was found pointing at his chin, a poorly worded suicide note was left behind and his body contained a high dose of heroin and valium. Police ruled the death a suicide for these reasons, but further investigation revealed details suggesting he was murdered. Whether Cobain’s death was murder or suicide, it seems clear that the police did not do an adequate job in investigating the death. The facts of the case seem pretty straightforward. Kurt Cobain was found dead in his home in Seattle, Washington on April 8, 1994 after having been reported missing from a drug rehab center for seven days. According to Smoking Gun reports (2008), the missing person report indicates police knew Cobain had returned to Seattle after leaving the California rehab facility, yet it seems no one went to look for him at his house. It was also known that he had purchased a shotgun and was considered potentially suicidal. The first detectives to arrive on the scene note that the body was discovered by an electrician who had arrived at Cobain’s home to install an alarm system. The body was discovered lying on the floor of a greenhouse located just above the detached garage of the home. The fire department had also responded to the call and forced their way into the room by breaking through the glass French doors at one end. This had the

SWOT-Analysis Essay -- essays research papers

Situation Analysis (SWOT Analysis) The following SWOT analysis captures the strengths and weakness within Dragon Biotech and the opportunities and threats that exist in our environment. This analysis highlights areas to be leveraged and points out where we must improve within the firm and within our industry and market. As we look at our SWOT analysis to follow, we are in a sustainable overall position, we have strengths to balance our weaknesses, and particularly our knowledge of where we are heading for and what our customers need. We also have some attractive opportunities. However, we have a weakness in competiting against price-oriented competition from both local and international brand names. Strengths: Dragon Biotech's strengths include: Ø  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Strong business model embracing both generic and proprietary drug development. Ø  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Proven proprietary technology platform that outperforms competitors' methods. Ø  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Solid financial position with established cash flow. Ø  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Flagship product, EPO, achieved remarkable revenue growth in a US$4,8 billion market. Ø  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Unique marketing strategy to penetrate geographic areas with quick drug approvals. Ø  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Experienced well-connected management team and board of directors. Ø  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Captured 30% of EPO market share in china, endorsed by Chinese medical Ass...

Pareto Optimality

Pareto efficiency, or  Pareto optimality, is a concept in  economics  with applications in  engineering  and  social sciences. The term is named after  Vilfredo Pareto, an  Italianeconomist who used the concept in his studies of  economic efficiency  and  income distribution. [citation needed] Given an initial allocation of  goods  among a set of  individuals, a change to a different allocation that makes at least one individual  better off  without making any other individual worse off is called a  Pareto improvement. An allocation is defined as â€Å"Pareto efficient† or â€Å"Pareto optimal† when no further Pareto improvements can be made. Pareto efficiency is a minimal notion of efficiency and does not necessarily result in a socially desirable distribution of resources: it makes no statement about equality, or the overall well-being of a society. [1][2] A state of affairs where it is not possible to improve the economic lot of some people without making others worse off; a  mercantilist view. The implications of this view in welfare economics are that, once an economy has ceased to grow, it is impossible to increase the wealth of the poor without opposing the  Pareto criterion; in other words, without making the rich worse off. This then becomes an argument for retaining the  status quo, even if the distribution of income in society is very uneven. A  Pareto improvement, however, occurs if resources can be better utilized so that one group's prosperity increases, but not at a cost to another's. DEFINITION OF NEGOTIATION Negotiation is one of the most common approaches used to make decisions and manage disputes. It is also the major building block for many other alternative dispute resolution procedures. Negotiation occurs between spouses, parents and children, managers and staff, employers and employees, professionals and clients, within and between organizations and between agencies and the public. Negotiation is a problem-solving process in which two or more people voluntarily discuss their differences and attempt to reach a joint decision on their common concerns. Negotiation requires participants to identify issues about which they differ, educate each other about their needs and interests, generate ossible settlement options and bargain over the terms of the final agreement. Successful negotiations generally result in some kind of exchange or promise being made by the negotiators to each other. The exchange may be tangible (such as money, a commitment of time or a particular behavior) or intangible (such as an agreement to change an attitude or expectation, or make an apology). Negotiation is the principal way that people redefine an old relationship that is not working to thei r satisfaction or establish a new relationship where none existed before. Because negotiation is such a common problem-solving process, it is in everyone's interest to become familiar with negotiating dynamics and skills. This section is designed to introduce basic concepts of negotiation and to present procedures and strategies that generally produce more efficient and productive problem solving. CONDITIONS FOR NEGOTIATION A variety of conditions can affect the success or failure of negotiations. The following conditions make success in negotiations more likely. Identifiable parties who are willing to participate. The people or groups who have a stake in the outcome must be identifiable and willing to sit down at the bargaining table if productive negotiations are to occur. If a critical party is either absent or is not willing to commit to good faith bargaining, the potential for agreement will decline. Interdependence. For productive negotiations to occur, the participants must be dependent upon each other to have their needs met or interests satisfied. The participants need either each other's assistance or restraint from negative action for their interests to be satisfied. If one party can get his/her needs met without the cooperation of the other, there will be little impetus to negotiate. Readiness to negotiate. People must be ready to negotiate for dialogue to begin. When participants are not psychologically prepared to talk with the other parties, when adequate information is not available, or when a negotiation strategy has not been prepared, people may be reluctant to begin the process. Means of influence or leverage. For people to reach an agreement over issues about which they disagree, they must have some means to influence the attitudes and/or behavior of other negotiators. Often influence is seen as the power to threaten or inflict pain or undesirable costs, but this is only one way to encourage another to change. Asking thought-provoking questions, providing needed information, seeking the advice of experts, appealing to influential associates of a party, exercising legitimate authority or providing rewards are all means of exerting influence in negotiations. Agreement on some issues and interests. People must be able to agree upon some common issues and interests for progress to be made in negotiations. Generally, participants will have some issues and interests in common and others that are of concern to only one party. The number and importance of the common issues and interests influence whether negotiations occur and whether they terminate in agreement. Parties must have enough issues and interests in common to commit themselves to a joint decision-making process. Will to settle. For negotiations to succeed, participants have to want to settle. If continuing a conflict is more important than settlement, then negotiations are doomed to failure. Often parties want to keep conflicts going to preserve a relationship (a negative one may be better than no relationship at all), to mobilize public opinion or support in their favor, or because the conflict relationship gives meaning to their life. These factors promote continued division and work against settlement. The negative consequences of not settling must be more significant and greater than those of settling for an agreement to be reached. Unpredictability of outcome. People negotiate because they need something from another person. They also negotiate because the outcome of not negotiating is unpredictable. For example: If, by going to court, a person has a 50/50 chance of winning, s/he may decide to negotiate rather than take the risk of losing as a result of a judicial decision. Negotiation is more predictable than court because if negotiation is successful, the party will at least win something. Chances for a decisive and one-sided victory need to be unpredictable for parties to enter into negotiations. A sense of urgency and deadline. Negotiations generally occur when there is pressure or it is urgent to reach a decision. Urgency may be imposed by either external or internal time constraints or by potential negative or positive consequences to a negotiation outcome. External constraints include: court dates, imminent executive or administrative decisions, or predictable changes in the environment. Internal constraints may be artificial deadlines selected by a negotiator to enhance the motivation of another to settle. For negotiations to be successful, the participants must jointly feel a sense of urgency and be aware that they are vulnerable to adverse action or loss of benefits if a timely decision is not reached. If procras- tination is advantageous to one side, negotiations are less likely to occur, and, if they do, there is less impetus to settle. No major psychological barriers to settlement. Strong expressed or unexpressed feelings about another party can sharply affect a person's psychological readiness to bargain. Psychological barriers to settlement must be lowered if successful negotiations are to occur. Issues must be negotiable. For successful negotiation to occur, negotiators must believe that there are acceptable settlement options that are possible as a result of participation in the process. If it appears that negotiations will have only win/lose settlement possibilities and that a party's needs will not be met as a result of participation, parties will be reluctant to enter into dialogue. The people must have the authority to decide. For a successful outcome, participants must have the authority to make a decision. If they do not have a legitimate and recognized right to decide, or if a clear ratification process has not been established, negotiations will be limited to an information exchange between the parties. A willingness to compromise. Not all negotiations require compromise. On occasion, an agreement can be reached which meets all the participants' needs and does not require a sacrifice on any party's part. However, in other disputes, compromise–willingness to have less than 100 percent of needs or interests satisfied–may be necessary for the parties to reach a satisfactory conclusion. Where the physical division of assets, strong values or principles preclude compromise, negotiations are not possible. The agreement must be reasonable and implementable. Some settlements may be substantively acceptable but may be impossible to implement. Participants in negotiations must be able to establish a realistic and workable plan to carry out their agreement if the final settlement is to be acceptable and hold over time. External factors favorable to settlement. Often factors external to negotiations inhibit or encourage settlement. Views of associates or friends, the political climate of public opinion or economic conditions may foster agreement or continued turmoil. Some external conditions can be managed by negotiators while others cannot. Favorable external conditions for settlement should be developed whenever possible. Resources to negotiate. Participants in negotiations must have the interpersonal skills necessary for bargaining and, where appropriate, the money and time to engage fully in dialogue procedures. Inadequate or unequal resources may block the initiation of negotiations or hinder settlement. WHY PARTIES CHOOSE TO NEGOTIATE The list of reasons for choosing to negotiate is long. Some of the most common reasons are to: †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gain recognition of either issues or parties; †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Test the strength of other parties; †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Obtain information about issues, interests and positions of other parties;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Educate all sides about a particular view of an issue or concern; †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ventilate emotions about issues or people; †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Change perceptions; †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mobilize public support; †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Buy time; †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bring about a desired c hange in a relationship; †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Develop new procedures for handling problems; †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Make substantive gains; †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Solve a problem. WHY PARTIES REFUSE TO NEGOTIATE Even when many of the preconditions for negotiation are present, parties often choose not to negotiate. Their reasons may include: †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Negotiating confers sense and legitimacy to an adversary, their goals and needs;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Parties are fearful of being perceived as weak by a constituency, by their adversary or by the public; †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Discussions are premature. There may be other alternatives available–informal communications, small private meetings, policy revision, decree, elections; †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Meeting could provide false hope to an adversary or to one's own constituency; †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã ‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Meeting could increase the visibility of the dispute; †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Negotiating could intensify the dispute; †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Parties lack confidence in the process; †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There is a lack of jurisdictional authority;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Authoritative powers are unavailable or reluctant to meet; †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Meeting is too time-consuming; †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Parties need additional time to prepare; †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Parties want to avoid locking themselves into a position; there is still time to escalate demands and to intensify conflict to their advantage. DEFINITIONS For negotiations to result in positive benefits for all sides, the negotiator must define what the problem is and what each party wants. In defining the goals of negotiation, it is important to dis tinguish between issues, positions, interests and settlement options.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An  issue is a matter or question parties disagree about. Issues can usually be stated as problems. For example, â€Å"How can wetlands be preserved while allowing some industrial or residential development near a stream or marsh? † Issues may be substantive (related to money, time or compensation), procedural (concerning the way a dispute is handled), or psychological (related to the effect of a proposed action). †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Positions are statements by a party about how an issue can or should be handled or resolved; or a proposal for a particular solution. A disputant selects a position because it satisfies a particular interest or meets a set of needs. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Interests are specific needs, conditions or gains that a party must have met in an agreement for it to be considered satisfactory. Interests may refer to content, to specific procedural considerations or to psychological needs. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Settlement Options–possible solutions which address one or more party's interests. The presence of options implies that there is more than one way to satisfy interests. SELECTING A GENERAL NEGOTIATION APPROACH The negotiator will need to select a general negotiation approach. There are many techniques, but the two most common approaches to negotiation are positional bargaining and interest-based bargaining. Positional Bargaining Positional bargaining is a negotiation strategy in which a series of positions, alternative solutions that meet particular interests or needs, are selected by a negotiator, ordered sequentially according to preferred outcomes and presented to another party in an effort to reach agreement. The first or opening position represents that maximum gain hoped for or expected in the negotiations. Each subsequent position demands less of an opponent and results in fewer benefits for the person advocating it. Agreement is reached when the negotiators' positions converge and they reach an acceptable settlement range. WHEN IS POSITIONAL BARGAINING OFTEN USED? †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When the resource being negotiated is limited (time, money, psychological benefits, etc. ). †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When a party wants to maximize his/her share in a fixed sum pay off. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When the interests of the parties are not interdependent, are contradictory or are mutually exclusive.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When current or future relationships have a lower priority than immediate substantive gains. ATTITUDES OF POSITIONAL BARGAINERS †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Resource is limited. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Other negotiator is an opponent; be hard on him/her. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Win for one means a loss for the other . †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Goal is to win as much as possible. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Concessions are a sign of weakness. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There is a right solution–mine. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Be on the offensive at all times. HOW IS POSITIONAL BARGAINING CONDUCTED? 1. Set your target point–solution that would meet all your interests and result in complete success for you. To set the target point, consider: †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Your highest estimate of what is needed. (What are your interests? ) †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Your most optimistic assumption of what is possible. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Your most favorable assessment of your bargaining skill. 2. Make target point into opening position. 3. Set your bottom line or resistance point–the solution that is the least you are willing to accept and still reach agreement. To identify your bottom line, consider: †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Your lowest estimate of what is needed and would still be acceptable to you. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Your least optimistic assumption of what is possible.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Your least favorable assessment of your bargaining skill relative to other negotiators. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Your  Best  Alternative To a  Negotiated  Agreement (BATNA). 4. Consider possible targets and bottom lines of other negotiators. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Why do they set their targets and bottom lines at these points? What interests or needs do these positions satisfy? †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Are your needs or interests and those of the other party mutually exclusive? †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Will gains and losses have to be shared to reach agreement or can you settle with both receiving significant gains? . Consider a range of positions between your target point and bottom line. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Each subsequent position after the target point offers more concessions to the other negotiator(s), but is still satisfactory to you. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Consider having the following positions for each issue in dispute: Opening position. Secondary position. Subsequent position. Fallback position–(yellow light that indicates you are close to bottom line; parties who want to mediate should stop here so that the intermediary has something to work with). Bottom line. 6. Decide if any of your positions meets the interests or needs of the other negotiators. How should your position be modified to do so? 7. Decide when you will move from one position to another. 8. Order the issues to be negotiated into a logical (and beneficial) sequence. 9. Open with an easy issue. 10. Open with a position close to your target point. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Educate the other negotiator(s) why you need your solution and why your expectations are high. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Educate them as to why they must raise or lower their expectations. 11. Allow other side to explain their opening position. 12. If appropriate, move to other positions that offer other negotiator(s) more benefits. 13. Look for a settlement or bargaining range — spectrum of possible settlement alternatives any one of which is preferable to impasse or no settlement. 14. Compromise on benefits and losses where appropriate. a = Party A's resistance point b = Party A's target c = Acceptable options for Party A x = Party B's target y = Party B's resistance point z = Acceptable options for Party B 15. Look for how positions can be modified to meet all negotiators' interests. 16. Formalize agreements in writing. CHARACTERISTIC BEHAVIORS OF POSITIONAL BARGAINERS †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Initial large demand–high or large opening position used to educate other parties about what is desired or to identify how far they will have to move to reach an acceptable settlement range. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Low level of disclosure–secretive and non-trusting behavior to hide what the settlement range and bottom line are. Goal is to increase benefits at expense of other. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bluffing–strategy used to make negotiator grant concessions based on misinformation about the desires, strengths or costs of another.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Threats–strategy used to increase costs to another if agreement is not reached. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Incremental concessions–small benefits awarded so as to gradually cause convergence between negotiators' positions. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hard on people and problem–often other negoti ator is degraded in the process of hard bargaining over substance. This is a common behavior that is not necessarily a quality of or desirable behavior in positional bargaining. COSTS AND BENEFITS OF POSITIONAL BARGAINING Costs †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Often damages relationships; inherently polarizing (my way, your way) †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cuts off option exploration. Often prevents tailor-made solutions †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Promotes rigid adherence to positions †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Obscures a focus on interests by premature commitment to specific solutions †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Produces compromise when better solutions may be available Benefits †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  May prevent premature concessions †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Is useful in dividing or compromising on the distribution of fixed-sum resources †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Does not require trust to work †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Does not require full disclosure of privileged information Interest-Based Bargaining Interest-based bargaining involves parties in a collaborative effort to jointly meet each other's needs and satisfy mutual interests. Rather than moving from positions to counter positions to a compromise settlement, negotiators pursuing an interest-based bargaining approach attempt to identify their interests or needs and those of other parties  prior to developing specific solutions. After the interests are identified, the negotiators jointly search for a variety of settlement options that might satisfy all interests, rather than argue for any single position. The parties select a solution from these jointly generated options. This approach to negotiation is frequently called integrated bargaining because of its emphasis on cooperation, meeting mutual needs, and the efforts by the parties to expand the bargaining options so that a wiser decision, with more benefits to all, can be achieved. WHEN IS INTEREST-BASED BARGAINING USED? †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When the interests of the negotiators are interdependent. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When it is not clear whether the issue being negotiated is fixed-sum (even if the outcome is fixed-sum, the process can be used).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When future relationships are a high priority. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When negotiators want to establish cooperative problem-solving rather than competitive procedures to resolve their differences. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When negotiators want to tailor a solution to specific needs or interests. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã ‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When a compromise of principles is unacceptable. ATTITUDES OF INTEREST-BASED BARGAINERS †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Resource is seen as not limited. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  All negotiators' interests must be addressed for an agreement to be reached. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Focus on interests not positions. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Parties look for objective or fair standards that all can agree to.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Belief that there are probably multiple satisfactory solutions. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Negotiators are cooperative problem-solvers rather than opponents. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  People and issues are separate. Respect people, bargain hard on interests. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Search for win/win solutions. HOW TO DO INTEREST-BASED BARGAINING Interests are needs that a negotiator wants satisfied or met. There are three types of interests: †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Substantive interests–content needs (money, time, goods or resources, etc. ) †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Procedural interests–needs for specific types of behavior or the â€Å"way that something is done. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Relationship or psychological interests–needs that refer to how one feels, how one is treated or conditions for ongoing relationship. 1. Identify the substantive, procedural and relationship interest/needs that you expect to be satisfied as a result of negotiations. Be clear on: †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Why the needs are important to you. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  How important the needs are to you. 2. Speculate on the substantive, procedural and relationship interests that might be important to the other negotiators. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Assess why the needs are important to them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Assess how important the needs are to them. 3. Begin negotiations by ed ucating each other about your respective interests. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Be specific as to why interests are important. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If other negotiators present positions, translate them into terms of interest. Do not allow other negotiators to commit to a particular solution or position. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Make sure all interests are understood. 4. Frame the problem in a way that it is solvable by a win/win solution. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Remove egocentricity by framing problem in a manner that all can accept. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Include basic interests of all parties.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Make the framing congruent with the size of the problem to be addressed. 5. Identify general criteria that must be present in an acceptable settlement. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Look for general agreements in principle. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Identify acceptable objective criteria that will be used to rea ch more specific agreements. 6. Generate multiple options for settlement. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Present multiple proposals. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Make frequent proposals. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Vary the content. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Make package proposals that link solutions to satisfy interests. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Make sure that more than two options are on the table at any given time. . Utilize integrative option generating techniques: †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Expand-the-pie–ways that more resources or options can be brought to bear on the problem. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Alternating satisfaction–each negotiator gets 100 percent of what s/he wants, but at different times. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Trade-offs–exchanges of concessions on issues of differing importance to the negotiators. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Consider two or more agenda items simultaneously. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Negotiators trade concessions on issues of higher or lower importance to each. Each negotiator gets his/her way on one issue.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Integrative solutions–look for solutions that involve maximum gains and few or no losses for both parties. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Set your sights high on finding a win/win solution. 8. Separate the option generation process from the evaluation process. 9. Work toward agreement. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Use the Agreement-in-Principle Process (general level of agreements moving toward more specific agreements). †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fractionate (break into small pieces) the problem and use a Building-Block Process (agreements on smaller issues that. when combined, form a general agreement). Reduce the threat level.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Educate and be educated about interests of all parties. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Assure that all interests will be respected and viewed as legitimate. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Show an interest in their needs. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Do not exploit another negotiator's weakness. Demonstrate trust †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Put yourself in a â€Å"one down position† to other on issues where you risk a small, but symbolic loss. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Start with a problem solving rather than competitive approach. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Provide benefits above and beyond the call of duty. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Listen and convey to other negotiators that they have been heard and understood. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Listen and restate content to demonstrate understanding.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Listen and restate feelings to demonstrate acceptance (not necessarily agreement) and understanding of intensity. 10. Identify areas of agreement, restate them, and write them down. COSTS AND BENEFITS OF INTEREST-BASED BARGAINING Costs †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Requires some trust †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Requires negotiators to disclose information and interests †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     May uncover extremely divergent values or interests Benefits †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Produces solutions that meet specific interests †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Builds relationships †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Promotes trust †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Models cooperative behavior that may be valuable in future. AN INTEGRATED APPROACH Naturally, all negotiations involve some positional bargaining and some interest-based bargaining, but each session may be characterized by a predominance of one approach or the other. Negotiators who take a positional bargaining approach will generally use interest-based bargaining only during the final stages of negotiations. When interest-based bargaining is used throughout negotiations it often produces wiser decisions in a shorter amount of time with less incidence of adversarial behavior. DYNAMICS OF NEGOTIATION Examining the approaches to negotiation only gives us a static view of what is normally a dynamic process of change. Let us now look at the stages of negotiation most bargaining sessions follow. Negotiators have developed many schemes to describe the sequential development of negotiations. Some of them are descriptive–detailing the progress made in each stage–while others are prescriptive–suggesting what a negotiator should do. We prefer a twelve-stage process that combines the two approaches. STAGES OF NEGOTIATION Stage 1:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Evaluate and Select a Strategy to Guide Problem Solving †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Assess various approaches or procedures–negotiation, facilitation, mediation, arbitration, court, etc. –available for problem solving.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Select an approach. Stage 2: Make Contact with Other Party or Parties †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Make initial contact(s) in person, by telephone, or by mail. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Explain your desire to negotiate and coordinate approaches. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Build rap port and expand relationship †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Build personal or organization's credibility. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Promote commitment to the procedure. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Educate and obtain input from the parties about the process that is to be used. Stage 3: Collect and Analyze Background Information †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Collect and analyze relevant data about the people, dynamics and substance involved in the problem.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Verify accuracy of data. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Minimize the impact of inaccurate or unavailable data. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Identify all parties' substantive, procedural and psychological interests. Stage 4: Design a Detailed Plan for Negotiation †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Identify strategies and tactics that will enable the parties to move toward agreement. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Identify tactics to respond to situations peculiar to the specific issues to be negotiated. Stage 5: Build Trust and Cooperation †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Prepare psychologically to participate in negotiations on substantive issues. Develop a strategy to handle strong emotions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Check perceptions and minimize effects of stereotypes. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Build recognition of the legitimacy of the parties and issues. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Build trust. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Clarify communications. Stage 6: Beginning the Negotiation Session †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Introduce all parties. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Exchange statements which demonstrate willingness to listen, share ideas, show openness to reason and demonstrate desire to bargain in good faith. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Establish guidelines for behavior. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  State mutual expectations for the negotiations. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Describe history of problem and explain w hy there is a need for change or agreement.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Identify interests and/or positions. Stage 7: Define Issues and Set an Agenda †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Together identify broad topic areas of concern to people. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Identify specific issues to be discussed. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Frame issues in a non-judgmental neutral manner. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Obtain an agreement on issues to be discussed. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Determine the sequence to discuss issues. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Start with an issue in which there is high investment on the part of all participants, where there is not serious disagreement and where there is a strong likelihood of agreement. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Take turns describing how you see the situation. Participants should be encouraged to tell their story in enough detail that all people understand the viewpoint presented. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Use active listening, open-ended questions and focusing questions to gain additional information. Stage 8: Uncover Hidden Interests †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Probe each issue either one at a time or together to identify interests, needs and concerns of the principal participants in the dispute. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Define and elaborate interests so that all participants understand the needs of others as well as their own. Stage 9: Generate Options for Settlement   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Develop an awareness about the need for options from which to select or create the final settlement. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Review needs of parties which relate to the issue. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Generate criteria or objective standards that can guide settlement discussions. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Look for agreements in pr inciple. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Consider breaking issue into smaller, more manageable issues and generating solutions for sub-issues. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Generate options either individually or through joint discussions. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Use one or more of the following procedures: †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Expand the pie so that benefits are increased for all parties.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Alternate satisfaction so that each party has his/her interests satisfied but at different times. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Trade items that are valued differently by parties. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Look for integrative or win/win options. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Brainstorm. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Use trial and error generation of multiple solutions. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Try silent generation in which each individual develops privately a list of options and then presents his/her ideas to other negotiators. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Use a caucus to develop op tions. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Conduct position/counter position option generation. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Separate generation of possible solutions from evaluation. Stage 10: Assess Options for Settlement †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Review the interests of the parties. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Assess how interests can be met by available options. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Assess the costs and benefits of selecting options. Stage 11: Final Bargaining †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Final problem solving occurs when: †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the alternatives is selected. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Incremental concessions are made and parties move closer together. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Alternatives are combined or tailored into a superior solution. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Package settlements are developed. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Parties establish a procedural means to reach a substantive agreement. Stage 12: Achieving Formal Settlement   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Agreement may be a written memorandum of understanding or a legal contract. Detail how settlement is to be implemented–who, what, where, when, how–a nd write it into the agreement. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Identify â€Å"what ifs† and conduct problem solving to overcome blocks. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Establish an evaluation and monitoring procedure. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Formalize the settlement and create enforcement and commitment mechanisms: Legal contract †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Performance bond †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Judicial review †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Administrative/executive approval Pre-Mediation Planning Before going into mediation, consider all of the possibilities. What risks do you face? What to you have to gain? What are the major â€Å"deal points† which will make or break the negotiation for you? In the field of mediation, the process of evaluating your case or position may be called BATNA and WATNA analysis. BATNA stands for Best Alternative To Negotiated Agreement. In other words, if the mediation does not produce a settlement or other type of agreement, what is the best thing that could happen? Will the other side ultimately give in to your side? Will a new law cause things to come out in your favor? Will the other side lose interest in their position? Will your costs/risks be negligible? Are you confident about winning in court? These are the kinds of question you may ask yourself while evaluating your BATNA. WATNA stands for Worst Alternative to Negotiated Agreement. A couple of questions you may ask for this analysis are: Will the other side probably win in court? Who controls the status quo? If the case doesn’t settle, am I the one who will ultimately lose? The process of BATNA/WATNA analysis ultimately assists a party in determining the scope of their mediation efforts and their reservation point. Put another way, at what point will the party walk away from the table? When is it too risky not to settle, or too costly not to settle? Without a clear picture of these risk possibilities, it is extremely difficult to reasonably evaluate your case. A good mediator will also assist you in this analysis, but it’s better to be prepared and knowledgeable before entering negotiations. You will appear more confident and credible in your claims. Opening Offers and Demands Great debate rages in the negotiation field over whether or not to throw out the first offer. Some experts advise never, ever to make a first offer. Others cautiously advocate making a first offer if it serves your position. Whether you decide to make a first offer may depend upon your particular bargaining style. Be aware, however, that making a first offer sends a powerful signal to the other party. First, it has the potential to errode your credibility. If your offer or demand does not pass the â€Å"straight-face† test, your credibility may be on slippery slope. Be careful that your offer or demand isn’t so absurd as to make your statements and assertions throughout the rest of the negotiation unbelievable. Opening offers and demands are also powerful because they tell the other side roughly what your evaluation of the case is. It can therefore have the effect of shifting or anchoring the other party’s expectations to the range you have requested or offered. The party may then respond to the offer/demand by adjusting or reevaluating the number they originally had in mind. Alternatively, if your offer/demand is outside of their anticipated range, it can provoke anger, incredulity or an equally unreasonable or absurd counter-offer. Bottom-Lines: If you have a bottom-line number, guard it until the right moment. If you give it out too early, it can destroy the flexibility of the bargaining process. This occurs because parties often settle upon a number that wasn’t anticipated. By revealing a hard number too early, it cements you into a position that is much more difficult to negotiate from. It also takes away the possibily of â€Å"gift-giving† which we will discuss later. The most fundamental rule of bottom-lines, however, is to tell the truth. Don’t state a false bottom line, only to change it later to suit your negotiating needs. Doing so will ruin your credibility and decrease your leverage and bargaining power. If you are asked for a bottom-line and are not ready to give it, you may politely say that you have a number in mind but would like to engage in further discussion to learn as much as possible about all aspects of the dispute before making a final decision. Strategies and Techniques Bargaining Styles Below is a chart describing different bargaining styles. Which category do you fit into? Soft [Cooperative] Hard [Competitive] Principled Participants are friends. Participants are adversaries. Participantsare problem-solvers. The goal is agreement. The goal is victory. The goal is a wise outcome reached efficiently and amicably. Make concessions to cultivate the relationship. Demand concessions as a condition of therelationship. Separate the people from the problem. Be soft on the people and the problem. Be hard on the problem and the people. Be soft on the people; hard on the problem. Trust others. Distrust others. Proceed Independent of trust. Change your position easily. Dig in to your position. Focus on interest, not positions. Make offers. Make threats. Explore interests. Disclose your bottom line. Mislead as to your bottom line. Avoid having a bottom line. Accept one-sided losses to reach agreement. Demand one-sided gains as the price of agreement. Invent options for mutual gain. Search for the single answer; the one they will accept. Search for the single answer; the one you will accept. Develop multiple options to choose from; decide later. Insist on agreement. Insist on your position. Insist on using objective criteria. Try to avoid a contest of will. Try to win a contest of will. Try to reach a result based on standards independent of will. Yield to pressure. Apply pressure. Reason and be open to reasons; yeild to principle, not pressure. SPECIAL NOTES ON HARD-BARGAINERS: When encountering hard-bargainers, negotiation can be tricky. Difficulties arise because granting concessions makes the other side feel bullied, but sticking to principles can create an impasse of negotiation. Here are a few tips for dealing with hard bargainers: * Don’t attack the position, look behind it for interests and motivations * Don’t defend your position or statements, instead, invite criticism and suggestions * Don’t react, pause or relax * Don’t argue back – listen carefully and calmly * Reframe accusations as an assault on the problem itself * Ask productive questions Hard bargaining can arise in certain circumstances as well. Unreasonable initial demands, lack of meaningful information, greediness, positional bargaining, and threats can all cause a competitive bargaining environment to emerge. Leverage Leverage is an adversarial concept which allows a party to exert pressure on the other side by appealing to his/her fears, risks or needs. For example, if a party must have a certain dispute resolved by a certain date, withholding a resolution, walking away from the table, or delaying progress exerts pressure on that party to give in to the demands of the other side. Using threats is also a form of leverage. Threat must be used carefully so as not to enrage the other side such that they refuse to participate in continuing discussion. Research indicates that the efficacy of threats depends on their credibility, immediacy, context, specificity and equity. Another form of leverage is â€Å"ego stroking. † For some people, being recognized or acknowledged in a positive way can cause incredible shifts in perspective. Such a party may be more willing to negotiate, may be more generous, or may overlook past transgressions. Be sure that any appreciation for the other side that you convey is sincere. Sometimes, using positive-side leverage such as ego stroking can arouse an eagerness in the other party to reciprocate the sentiment or to seek to please you by offering concessions. The Origin of Brilliant (and not so brilliant) Ideas A great way to apply positive leverage while seizing advantageous settlement opportunities is to give credit to the other side for discovering a solution or for presenting a good idea. Instead of saying, â€Å"I want X dollars to replace my damaged roof† say, â€Å"A little while ago, you presented a very clear picture of the problem and it helped me to understand the issue of the roof better. I would like to hear more of your ideas about how we can approach that particular aspect of this negotiation. † In other words, create for the other party a positive reputation, even if you believe it is undeserved in your particular scenario, that they can then attempt to live up to. Conversely, when a party makes a tactical mistake which doesn’t help your position, but does threaten further progress, give them an easy opportunity to save face. For example, â€Å"If I’m not mistaken, I think I heard you say you wanted $3 billion for your broken fence. I know there are a lot of numbers being exchanged here and I have become confused myself a couple of times with the amount of data. Would you like to review that figure and potentially make an adjustment at some point? † Be sure to avoid enouraging or doing anything which could result in face-saving-behaviors. Face-saving behaviors are defensive attempts to re-establish face after threats to face or so-called â€Å"face-loss†. People are often willing and even eager to retaliate and sacrifice rewards at great cost when they perceive the threat of humiliation. By engaging in such behavior you are, at best, reducing the predictability of the outcome, and at worst, creating a hostile and perilous environment which could cost you and the other party a mutually agreeable settlement while augmenting the costs of dispute resolution. The Sometime-Appeal of High Concepts With some negotiators, it is possible to paint a bigger picture which extends beyond the limits of present issues. By appealing, for example, to a person’s sense of idealism or a particular world-view, it is sometimes possible to break a deadlocked negotiation. However, just as high concepts can broaden the mind of a stubborn participant, a carelessly made plea to a person’s sense of justice can provoke indignation and encourage increasing inflexibility. For example, a negotiator might say, â€Å"If we are able to come to a settlement today regarding the teacher’s union, the students can return to school much sooner and resume their studies, which is, of course, what we all want. † However, some negotiators may interpret such a statement as disingenuous, or mocking. So be careful! Reciprocal Bargaining Some negotiation experts contend that a reciprocal bargaining strategy promotes responsibility, accountability, and reasonable dealings. Reciprocal Bargaining theory basically holds that if one party makes an unreasonable demand or offer, the other side must do the same, back to that party. The result is, theoretically, that each side will then see and appreciate the consequences of their own behavior throughout the negotiation. Alternatively, if one party demonstrates generosity or uncommon honesty, the other side should reciprocate that behavior as well. The relationship-building potential of this strategy has been touted by many mediation experts as an effective way to facilitate productive conversation. Alternatively, this strategy can be counter-productive if the parties do not respond appropriately to the consequences. This can occur where parties are emotionally involved in the proceedings, when personal relationships are the actual subject of dispute or when the negotiation involves more than one â€Å"hard-bargainer†. In these scenarios, a reciprocal strategy can create a downward sprial of bad behavior which ultimately causes negotions to break down completely. GENEROUS RECIPROCAL BARGAINING THEORY: An alternative stragegy is to employ a downward-spiral breaking strategy known as generous reciprocal bargaining. This reciprocal strategy does not work in the systematic framework of the standard reciprocal bargaining. Instead, the parties reciprocate positive and negative behavior only the majority of the time. At irregular intervals, a party using this strategy will unexpectedly not reciprocate a negative behavior committed by the other party. This behavior breaks the vicious cycle of negative behavior and can allow for positive behavior changes in both parties, leaving them open to more productive communication exchanges and opportunities for mutual agreement. Gift Giving Giving gifts during negotiation is a great way to generate goodwill, especially at the initiation of bargaining. Small concessions will leave a strong impression with the other side’s perception of you, and may influence their actions going forward. Small concessions are a low cost method of initiating momentum in negotiations. By the way, one of the easiest and cheapest concessions you can grant to the other side is to listen to them, carefully, openly, and without judgment. Complaining Some experts advise mediation participants to refrain from complaining. However, our position is that complaints can be useful to the extent that they can generate empathy and produce increased willingness to exhibit flexibility from the other side. If reasonable and genuine complaints are made carefully, are well-timed, are not excessively accusatory and do not occur with too much regularity, they can prove useful in the context of negotiation. Positions vs. Interests As we viewed in the bargaining styles chart, people negotiate in different ways, and with different results. A major problem in many mediations is that participants become committed to their positions, that is, the result they are aiming for. This tactic, (or tactical error) causes inflexibility and generates ill-will. Mediators attempt to separate the interests from the positions. That is, the mediator seeks to learn what the actual issues that drive the mediation are. By separating out the interests an objective approach to resolving the dispute becomes possible and solutions become more clearly visible. For futher illustration, please view this chart: PROBLEM: The immediate source of conflict. INTERPRETATION: How people interpret the other party’s behavior. POSITION: Demands, threats, fixed solutions, proposals, or points of view. INTEREST: What really matters to this person. (Why is X a problem? )   Ã‚  Ã‚   ISSUE: The topic the parties need to discuss and decide. Barking dog. Neighbor is unfriendly, inconsiderate. Violates my privacy. Buy a muzzle. I’m not well. I need my sleep. Want my home to be a quiet, private place. How to control the barking at night. Unfair bill. This company wants to rip me off. They think I’m not smart enough to notice. I will not pay for work you didn’t even do. Want to be treated fairly. Need to know how much something is going to cost so I can budget for it. What work was done, what recompense is fair. How rest of job will be billed. As a negotiator, it is important to focus on your interests and to resist trying to control the outcome of the negotiation. In this way, you can more reasonably evaluate your risks, options and creative solutions along the way to a mutually agreeable solution. Additionally, it’s a good idea to focus on the interests of the other side. By understanding, and by demonstrating understanding of the other side’s interests, you will more easily command their attention and better understand the major deal points that will solve the dispute. Problems vs. People Similar to the above paragraph, mediators continually work to separate the people from the problems. This promotes a problem solving environment while reducing sniping, personal attacks and unreasonable and inflammatory statements. Be careful not to bargain over your positions. Instead, invent ptions for mutual gain, insist on using objective, evaluative criteria instead of accusatory statements. Although it’s hard to take, if another party insults you personally, ignore the attack and look behind it to discover the feelings and motivations of the accuser. You may learn valuable information about the party’s interests. To avoid inflaming the other party as well, a void accusatory statements, personal attacks, petty insults and counter-productive statements and questions such as: What do you want from me? Calm down! Be reasonable! What’s your problem? and You always†¦. or You never†¦.. Reframing Reframing is perhaps the most important part of negotiation. Reframing is the process of restating something the other side has said in a way that is mutually beneficial. Reframing signals to the other party that you have listened to their story and that you understand and appreciate it. This, in itself, is a type of concession, and it doesn’t cost you a thing! Reframing is an opportunity that presents itself at multiple stages of mediation. Instead of rejecting an offer, reframe it to convey your understanding as well as to present an opportunity to shift the focus or perspective on the topic. You might try saying â€Å"and† instead of â€Å"but† to effectively reject an offer while appearing open to further discussion and at the same time reframing the issue to your advantage. Also, it is a good idea to ask sincere questions instead of making demands whenever possible. Instead of pushing the other side to meet your demands, use reframing to bring them to your point of view. Instead of escalating an argument, use reframing to educate the other side about your feelings and interests. Above all, reframing places the negotiation in the context of cooperation instead of competition. Effective Listening This topic will be covered in-depth in the next unit. For now, let’s look at the most basic concepts of effective listening. Listening is a great skill of negotiation. Listening allows you to learn about the other side’s interests and to discover crucial dealpoints. Close listening also helps to generate goodwill with the other side. The value of â€Å"being heard† is greatly underestimated. Often, where emotions are involved, the opportunity to be heard and understood is very powerful. By listening carefully, you pave the ay to excellent reframing opportunities, greater leverage, and an improved bargaining position. Be sure to listen carefully and actively (while respecting the groundrules of the mediation), empathize with the other side, ask questions which convey your understanding and empathy, and finally, restate the other side’s story back to them while carefully respecting sensitive aspects of the account so that you do not infla me them. Deal Killers In every negotiation, the possibility of failure exists. Certain conditions, behaviors, or acts threaten to stall or break down negotiations. The more you know about these potential deal breakers, the better prepared you will be when you confront them, either on your own side, or across the table. 1. Reactive Devaluation 2. Parties tend to view offers by the other side skeptically. This leads to misevaluation of the other side’s position. Hidden Emotion Example: â€Å"I would rather lose than settle with this guy†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This leads to misevaluation. 3. Failure to Understand BATNA/WATNA: Leads to misevaluation. 4. Biased Assimilation: Parties tend to hear and remember things they want to hear, and not hear things that are unpleasant. This leads to misevaluation. 5. Loss Aversion: People generally prefer to avoid loss rather than to achieve gains. This leads to excessive attachment to positions. 6. Direct Contradiction: Avoid using language like, â€Å"You’re wrong. † Instead, offer a different perspective when it is your time to speak after validating the other party’s opinion. 7. Equity Seeking: Parties may seek to return to the â€Å"Status Quo Ante† – that is, the state they were in prior to when the particular conflict arose, or to recoup costs incurred in litigation or which have arisen from the conflict itself. In so doing, that party may prolong the dispute unnecessarily in an attempt to reach that pre-conflict status. 8. Attribution Error: Parties tend to see the other side as evil, and their own side as innocent. This leads to misevaluation. 9. Endowment: People tend to overvalue their own property and interests, and undervalue the property and interests of others. 10. Miscalculation or ignorance of Deal Breakers: Think about reasons why the other side might refuse to settle. Plan out graceful ways to provide counter arguments or methods of avoiding those deal breakers.