Evaluation Of An Advanced Practice Social Worker - 1514 Words

Report Two - Summary Ms. Morter was licensed as a Clinical Social Worker, and was also certified as an Advanced Practice Social Worker. The Respondent worked as a psychotherapist at Sheboygan County Health and Human Services. On May 15, 2008 to July 29, 2009 Ms. Morter provided individual psychotherapy and case management services to Client T.R. On July 18, 2009 Ms. Morter was out of town, and the Sheboygan Police Department was notified of a burglary attempt at Ms. Morter’s home. The officers found Client T.R. in Ms. Morter’s driveway, attempting to operate her vehicle. Ms. Morter was contacted by the police, and she claimed she did not give Client T.R. permission to be there. Client T.R. was arrested by Sheboygan Police (Wisconsin Department of Regulation and Licensing, 2012). The Respondent’s supervisors at Sheboygan County initiated an investigation between Ms. Morter’s and Client T.R.’s relationship. The investigation led to the discovery of a sexual relationship through phone call records of the Respondent and Client T.R. A month later, the Respondent disclosed to two co-workers that she was in a sexual relationship with Client T.R. A few weeks after Ms. Morter revealed the relationship, she was terminated from Sheboygan County. The Sheboygan Police filed a complaint with charges against Ms. Morter due to her false statements about the alleged burglary. The Respondent has not since worked as a psychotherapist, and has sought out counseling (Wisconsin Department ofShow MoreRelatedThe Rate Of Sexually Transmitted Diseases ( Stds )1470 Words   |  6 Pagescommunities in Chicago for the rates of Chlamydia and gonorrhea, which are the leading bacterial STDs. 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Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2 - 1523 Words

Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2 HIV-II Discovered and Isolated In 1985, serological evidence was presented which suggested a virus closely related to simian T-lymphotropic virus type III (STLV-III) infected a man in Senegal West Africa (Barin, M’Boup, Denis 1985). At that time, Senegal, West Africa was a region where AIDS and AIDS-related diseases had been observed (Barin, M’Boup, Denis 1985). The results of the serological evidence suggested that certain healthy Senegalese people were exposed to a virus that was more closely related to STLV-III than to HTLV-III (Barin, M’Boup, Denis 1985). According to the New York State Department of Health AIDS Institute, this was when the Human immunodeficiency virus type II (HIV-II) was first†¦show more content†¦HIV-II falls under the primate lentivirus group along with: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) types 1 and 3, Simian AIDs retrovirus SRV-1, Human T-cell lymphotropoic virus type 4 and Simian immunodeficiency virus (Stanford School of Med icine 2016). The primate lentivirus group uses the CD4 as a receptor and have a conic core which undergoes maturation after budding which allows them to infect the CD4 T lymphocytes (Focosi 2016). Some strains of HIV-II are indistinguishable from SIVsmm which is derived from the sooty mangabeys (AABB.org 2009 102S-104S), and are closely related to the macaque group (Griffin, Allen, Lever 2001). The macaque group is defined as â€Å"any number of short-tailed Old World monkeys of the genus Macaca and related genera† chiefly of Asian and African regions; especially rhesus monkey (Webster 1828). Virion Morphology and Size HIV-II is â€Å"enveloped, icosahedral nucleocapsid with cone-shaped core structure, spherical to pleomorphic particles, 106-183 nm in diameter†, with a mean diameter of 125 nm (AABB.org 2009 102S-104S). The nucleic acid of HIV-II is â€Å"linear, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA†¦Ã¢â‚¬  with the RNA approximately â€Å"†¦9.2 kb in length† (AABB.org 2009 102S-104S). HIV-II Genome. According to Dan Stowell of mcld.co.uk, HIV-II genome is: gag, pol, env, tat, rev, nef, vif and vpx. HIV-II ends with a â€Å"Long Terminal Repeat† (LTR) (Stowell 2002). The purpose for the LTR is for

Healthcare Disparity In Different Race Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(118) " which duty is to be divided runing from the single degree, the private, every bit good as the public sectors degree\." The United States health care system has been found to endure from different defects runing from the mode in which the insurance screen works, to the mode in which persons in different races are treated. Furthermore, the US over the old ages has been badly affected by the favoritism in different degrees based on age, sex, gender, sexual orientation, to call but a few. In add-on, many people have been denied wellness attention, or have had their medical intervention withheld due to their cultural position, or gender orientation. We will write a custom essay sample on Healthcare Disparity In Different Race Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Therefore, as a consequence a figure of studies have been conducted in order to come up with an efficient system of extinguishing these jobs. Therefore, in this research, the research wishes to explain that disparities in heath attention do really be, but even though they tend to be elusive, there are assorted schemes which when employed good could take to decreased degrees of disparities, and increased quality of health care. Concepts and Definition of Healthcare disparities Healthcare Disparities: these relates to the differences, which exists sing the quality of the health care that is given to persons of different races, different ethnicities, socioeconomic groups, every bit good as sexual orientation ( U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2010 ) . Hence, different groupings in society receive different values in footings of quality, of the health care services. In add-on, health care disparities has been regarded by the Health Resources and Services Administration as the differences that emerge out of the assorted population categorizations in footings of the manifestation of disease, wellness wakes, every bit good as the degree to which people entree health care services ( Goldberg, Hayes, and Huntley, 2004 ) . Research Questions The research aims at accomplishing replies to the undermentioned inquiries: What is the nature of disparities in the United States? What are the prevailing disparities in the bringing of health care services? What is the impact of personal features on the quality of and entree to healthcare? What are the cardinal means to extinguishing disparities that exist in the health care service? Research Aims The general aim for the research is to happen ways of extinguishing healthcare disparities in the United States Specific aims are, To happen out the assorted signifiers of disparities in health care To happen out the jobs the quality of health care disparities in the United States To happen out the greatly affected persons in footings of health care disparities Research Hypothesis * Null Hypothesis It is merely through a combined attempt that the prevalent wellness attention disparities could be eliminated * Alternate Hypothesis Health attention disparities can non be eliminated even through combined attempts. Significance/Purpose of survey The United States comprises of different groups of people both coming from different countries of the universe. All these persons quest for high-quality wellness attention services, which have been discovered to exhibit differential results in relation to different races. Therefore, this research is cardinal owing to the fact that the proviso of efficient wellness attention is a demand for every one in the United States, like any other portion of the universe. Minorities suffer due to these jobs. Restrictions of the survey This survey is limited to secondary stuffs which have already been published therefore no original beginnings used. It is farther limited to the informations collected in the US even though cognition of other parts of the universe have been critical to the development of this research Healthcare Disparities in different Race Disparity relates to the state of affairs characterized by the absence of equity in footings of one ‘s ranking, age, every bit good as grade ; it really indicate to unfairness, divergency, incompatibility every bit good as difference ( AHRQ, 2003 ) . In add-on, there is a close nexus between disparity in the health care services and equity. However, a figure of differences do be at the single degree. This includes the response of less medicine because of the degree at which the disease under consideration is has reached. It could besides be because of one ‘s ain pick to have medicine ; due to systemic barriers towards the attainment of the necessary medicine ; it could be because of both factors, which have been outlined above ( AHRQ, 2003 ) . Furthermore, a requirement for the designation of disparities is the expected quality of service to be attained by patients ( AHRQ, 2003 ) . However, the health care disparity that has been presented by the AHRQ operates under the premise that its quality of effectivity has been scientifically proven, by a professional justification that it can be provided to all the patients ( AHRQ, 2003 ) . Consequently, all patients have a right to quality health care, but in order for that to be attained, they need to hold entree to it. However, persons ‘ entree to healthcare exhibits changing dimensions as respects to the chance to have proper and effectual attention. Unfortunately, health care professionals have non yet attained conclusive determinations sing the appropriate agencies of achieving quality uplifting. Furthermore, different races exhibit different characteristics under consideration depending on the racial, cultural, geographic, every bit good as socioeconomic groups, and de pending on the cogency of the measuring tool. Besides, persons have changing behaviours as a consequence of linguistic communication barriers, cultural beliefs, differences in the preference to quest for a timely health care, every bit good as the degree to which persons believe in the health care practicians ( AHRQ, 2003 ) . On the other manus, even though persons quest for health care services, they might be constrained by a figure of factors, including, but non limited to, persons ‘ capacity to afford health care, one ‘s geographical location, the manner in which health care services is delivered, the attitude of the medical practician, every bit good as the degree of uncertainness exhibited by persons ( AHRQ, 2003 ) . In add-on, there are assorted persons involved in the health care proviso model. And these persons have changing mentality on the mode in which duty is to be divided runing from the single degree, the private, every bit good as the public sectors degree. You read "Healthcare Disparity In Different Race Health And Social Care Essay" in category "Essay examples" Hence, this facet possesses a strong challenge on the procedure of placing the proper class of action from the parties that are involved. Furthermore, the differences that exist in footings of quality of health care service to persons are non changeless but instead changing. Furthermore, differences, whether little or large, do non connote the urgency of the health care disparity. Hence, harmonizing to the Agency for Health Research Quality even a smaller disparity could connote an implicit in pressing demand to be addressed ( AHRQ, 2003 ) . Well, a desperate demand to understand the impact of the features of single patients on the quality of health care emerges. In add-on, it is really beyond doubt that persons differ in footings of race, ethnicity, instruction, location, income, every bit good as age, to call but a few. Harmonizing to the Agency for Health Research Quality study, it has been proofed that there is prevailing inequality in the quality of health care in the United States based on specific groups and specific fortunes ( AHRQ, 2003 ) . In add-on, one needs to understand the implicit in grounds for disparities, countries where disparities take topographic point, every bit good as the mode in which these disparities take topographic point. Therefore, disparities have been found to impact minorities more that whites ; that is, minorities such as African Americans, Asiatic Americans, Native Americans, every bit good as Latinos ( Goldberg, Hayes, and Huntley, 2004 ) . Furthermore, Goldberg, Hayes, and Huntley, who continue to admit the overpowering impact of disparities more on minorities with immense incidences of drawn-out diseases, greater rate of mortality, in add-on to hapless results in footings of wellness ( p.4 ) , have besides truly repeat this avowal. For case, malignant neoplastic disease has been rated among the African Americans to be 10 % more compared to incidences of it among the white population in the United States ( American Public Health Association, 2004 ) . Besides, a related incident has besides been identified in relation to the impact O diabetes on big African Americans every bit good as Latinos, who are seen to be twice hazardous than Whites ( American Public Health Association, 2004 ) . Therefor e, as it has been statistically observed, minorities stand to lose every bit far as healthcare disparity is concerned. This concern is farther cited in instances of cardiovascular unwellnesss, infant mortalities, every bit good as in instances of HIV/AIDS, whereby the minorities have been found to see increased incidences of the jobs under this consideration than Whites ( Goldberg, Hayes, and Huntley, 2004, p.5 ) . Harmonizing to Henry J Kaiser Family Foundation, many treatments have been in advancement sing the drift for wellness disparities in line with cultural every bit good as racial groupings ( 1999 ) . Nevertheless, a consensus that unites all parties concerned in assorted arguments about wellness disparities includes three major countries. Chiefly, one are relates to the environmental every bit good as socioeconomic characteristics of the assorted cultural every bit good as racial categorizations ( Goldberg, Hayes, and Huntley, 2004, p.6 ) . In add-on to this is the understanding that people populating in hapless societal conditions, exhibit a higher hazard of obtaining hapless quality health care ; the same applies to hapless economic status persons ( Goldberg, Hayes, and Huntley, 2004, p.6 ) . Secondly, some categorizations of people meet up with assorted barriers in their due pursuit to entree wellness attention proviso system ( Goldberg, Hayes, and Huntley, 2004, p.6 ) . Third, it h as besides been cited out that different cultural every bit good as racial categorization groups do obtain different quality of wellness attention based on their racial and cultural beginning ( Goldberg, Hayes, and Huntley, 2004, p.7 ) . However, put aside the aforesaid causes of disparities, the most of import demand is to hold an overview of the effects that these disparities have on the affected persons, both in footings of entree, every bit good as in footings of the quality of wellness attention attained. The same applies to ethnicity every bit good as racial disparities, in which there has been enormous research on over the old ages. Therefore, it is of import to observe that the information sing socio-economic wellness disparities is less outstanding comparison to the 1 on ethnicity and racial groups ( Isaacs, Stephen, and Steven, 2004, p.1137 ) . What causes disparities in the degree of entree to wellness attention? There are a figure of factors that lead to disparities in the entree persons have towards wellness attention, they include, but non limited to, the followers ; unequal coverage in footings of insurance. In this instance, it has been found out that people who lack entree to insurance services end up proroguing their entree to medical services. They are besides likely to disregard medical attention, or utilize medical specialty without holding to travel for prescription, a scenario that has been observed more on minorities than on Whites ( Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured, 2003 ) . Another cause of disparity in entree to wellness attention consequences from the insufficiency of a steady beginning of attention, which means persons fail to entree attention, or visit physicians less frequently, or neglect to entree drug prescription ; this incident has been observed more on minorities that on Whites ( Fr yer, Dovey, and Green, 2000 ) . Next, minorities tend to hold unequal entree to wellness attention, compared to Whites, based on their insufficiency to fiscal resources ( Commonwealth fund, 1999 ) . This is because single with greater entree to fiscal resources are Whites, and non minorities, though some minorities excessively have fiscal gift. In add-on, legal barriers play important function in finding persons with entree to healthcare. This is because public insurance bundles tend to be limited merely to persons who have been in the United States for more than five old ages, and those who have non are denied Medicaid coverage ( Goldberg, Hayes, and Huntley, 2004, p.10 ) . Therefore, immigrants are more deprived than citizens are, therefore possessing higher degrees of disparities are. Nevertheless, minorities besides seem to be limited in their entree to wellness attention due to structural barriers, such as unequal transit installations, every bit good as the failure to run into up with assignments to physician s, therefore decreasing the preparedness of minorities to obtain necessary health care ( AHRQ, 2003 ) . Furthermore, the wellness attention work force, harmonizing to statistics comprise of 4 % African American doctors, and 5 % Latino doctors, which implies that there is a unequal diverseness in these cultural groupings compared to the Whites who are dominant ; hence whites provide services, while minorities tend to be patients ( Goldberg, Hayes, and Huntley, 2003, p.13 ) . Therefore, other factors include age, knowledge refering wellness attention, linguistic communication barriers, every bit good as the low figure of wellness attention suppliers. However, what causes disparities in the quality of wellness attention? The requirement for effectual intervention, every bit good as wellness attention is proper communicating between the supplier and the patient. In add-on, a proper communicating channel surpasses race, because a bad communicating can do an wrong diagnosing, incorrect medicine, every bit good as misunderstanding of wellness attention supplier instructions. In add-on, the gravitation of linguistic communication barrier in the United States tend to impact non-English talkers compared to English talkers who will hold a clear appreciation of direction. The same applies to communications between patients and attention suppliers, in which instance the former tend to be influenced by their cultural beliefs refering Western medical specialty ( Goldberg, Hayes, Huntley, 2004, p.14 ) . There are some instances where favoritism hinders the proviso of quality wellness attention. Most of these instances consequences from an unconscious or witting disparity in the intervention of different services to different persons based on their race and ethnicity. For case, some serious operations might non be easy performed on minorities, but a figure of research workers still tend to mention an underlying demand to detect more accounts on the mode in which determinations are made by physicians. This owes to the fact that in some instances, some groups of diseases are based on cultural backgrounds that are non taken into consideration in the procedure of decision-making ( Smedley, and Nelson, 2002 ) . Research Design and Methods This is an exploratory survey, which analyses the assorted surveies that have been conducted by bookmans and professionals in this field of healthcare disparity. The chief grounds for taking exploratory survey is due to the restriction that exists in footings of clip every bit good as money. Second, this research comes because of legion researches done on the country and wants to happen out the result of these researches. Furthermore, the research explores the assorted instance surveies that have been conducted in this field of wellness attention. Besides, it besides emphasizes on papers analysis of the assorted historical every bit good as modern-day, public records, studies, authorities stuffs every bit good as sentiments. Hence, the usage of secondary informations analysis has been observed to have throughout the greater part of this research. The research is besides structured in a mode that ab initio an debut lays footing for the apprehension of the constructs that relate to wellness attention disparities in the United States. Consequently, the research inquiries are presented, and the chief drift for transporting out this research, including its relevancy. Decision and Recommendation From the above treatments, it is really apparent that wellness attention disparities do be, and that it is rather elusive to extinguish them. However, it is really of import to take into consideration all factors such as medical, societal, economic, every bit good as political issues that could be employed in order to accomplish the Obama aim that relates to the attainment of low-cost, high-quality system of wellness attention bringing ( Collen, 2010, p.93 ) . Therefore, in order to accomplish this end, the research recommends that all relevant plans that are to be designed in order to cut down disparities should be evaluated extensively so that any defect is dealt with consequently. In add-on, the wellness attention work force should be balanced in a mode that both the minority and bulks are good represented. Likewise, wellness attention disparities should be eliminated with increased entree to services to all racial and cultural groups ( McDonough, Gibbs, Scott-Harris, Kronebusch, Navarro, and Taylor, 2004 ) . Consequently, all the relevant people in the wellness attention system should be inclined towards the publicity of the quality of wellness attention proviso to the minorities. Elsewhere, this research recommends the betterment of both organisation every bit good as adjustment services so that an ambiance of repose exists between the patients and the medical practicians concerned. Sing cultural disparities and discriminatory attitudes, people should be encouraged to follow themselves to understanding other civilizations in order to heighten their degree of tolerance in add-on to increased grasp of other civilizations and beliefs ( Brach A ; Fraser, 200 ) . Finally, because one of the greatest jobs that affect minorities is linguistic communication barriers, therefore the proviso of translators in order to provide for foreign every bit good as those with hearing damage should be given support from the authorities. Finally, the inquiry of wellness attention disparity has been addressed in item both in footings of its nature, and in footings of the assorted ways, that disparity manifests itself in the wellness attention sector. Finally, the research worker pr oceeded to supplying reasoned recommendations and decisions sing the affair under consideration. How to cite Healthcare Disparity In Different Race Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

The Road Not Taken Essay Example For Students

The Road Not Taken Essay The Road Not Taken Essay By Robert Frost Two roads diverged in a yellow wood, And sorry I could not travel both And be one traveler, long I stood And looked down one as far as I could To where it bent in the undergrowth; Then took the other, as just as fair, And having perhaps the better claim, Because it was grassy and wanted wear; Though as for that the passing there Had worn them really about the same, In Robert Frosts, The Road Not Taken, there is a hint of romanticism in this poem in sighing over what might have been. I get a mental image of a man, standing at a fork in a path, contemplating which path to travel. Finally this man decides to walk down the path that is slightly more grassy, meaning possibly less walked down. He walks down this path with the hopes of seeing magnificent things, things the other more traveled path would not have. Later, when he tells his story with a sigh, we get the impression that at first he regretted his choice to walk down the road less traveled, because maybe the sights were not as magnificent as he originally imagined. However, quickly after, we get a sense that he changes his mind, and is ridding his mind of regrets and embracing his choice to take the road not taken.

online education Essays - Educational Psychology, Distance Education

Today, in our modern world, the word ?innovation? is in use almost every day. It is always something new going on in every sphere of our life. The most important innovation in education of last century was online education. There are a lot of disputing abut advantages, and disadvantages of extend education, however there are three major strengths characterizing education on the web; flexibility, cost effectiveness, and privacy. The first strength and the major one, is flexibility, and easy access to learning. Whether you are in Asia, Europe, Africa, or anywhere else e-education will always be with you (the only thing you need is the internet). Mark Kassop, the author of the article ?Ten ways Online education Matches or Surpasses, Face ? to - Face learning?, notes: The height of this flexibility may be the well-publicized eArmyU.com program?. All students are on active duty, and they belong to military units throughout the world?. In a recent class of 25 students, the participants were located in Europe, Asia, The South pacific, Alaska, Hawaii, and all Kovaleva 2 four time zones in the continental united States.(360) Also student with families or jobs do not have enough time to attend school. In this case way web education might be the only one solution. ?The advantages of online learning,? emphasizes Kassop, ?include ample opportunities for students to pursue coursework at any time that fits into their busy lives? (360). The second advantage of web learning is cost effectiveness. In the most of the countries high education is not free. The average tuition fee is depends on country, but usually very high. Not a lot of people can afford a bachelor, or master degree. In many cases young people prefer to work after high school, than to apply for college. Alfred Bork in his article at ?The Well Crafted Argument? points out: In developing countries, learning often happens only on a very limited scale because these societies cannot afford learning with the methods currently employed. Even in developed countries, the cost of learning is becoming a problem. Current systems for learning cannot adequately grow to meet society?s needs. (341) Kovaleva 3 Online education is more affordable, than a traditional ?face to face? one. Students can save money, and still get high quality education without leaving their houses. The third advantage of leaning online is ?anonymity?. A lot of students at the traditional college system are ?hiding? their points of view: somebody is shy, somebody just do not want to share theirs opinion. The online education gives students around the world to share their experience, discuss problems, and simply chart without any F2F connection. It helps a lot of people to ?open? themselves, and to be social. Mark Kassop believes that: Many online students have indicated that this is the first time they have ever ?spoken up? in class and that they enjoy the opportunity? Many instructors have also observed that the relative ?anonymity? of online discussions helps create a level playing field for women, homosexuals, student with physical handicaps, and members of other potentially marginalized groups?.(358) Therefore we have three major advantage of web education, that helps student all around the world to have not only affordable, flexible education, but also an education that helps them to open their minds, and to be self-conscious.

Making A New Deal essays

Making A New Deal essays Lizabeth Cohen wants to prove that Chicago workers created a working class during the depths of the Great Depression. Unfortunately, the means she chooses to prove her case do not completely convince me. In Cohens hefty Making a New Deal she posits a transition of Chicagoans from ethnic, employer-loyal workers in 1920s to members of a common culture who articulated a class consciousness in the 1930s. She asserts that workers needed to overcome ethnicity before they could realize class, but then backs away from this claim. In the end, Cohens ambivalence, the rosy picture she paints of the New Deal era, and her overemphasis of class consciousness all weaken the book. The books central theme holds that ethnicity had to be overcome if working-class unity was to be attained. Cohen plants seeds of theoretical discontent within this framework that undermine her basic argument. For instance, in Chapter 3, Encountering Mass Culture, Cohen argues that mass culture and consumption standardized American life in the 1920s. But then she retreats from this sweeping generalization, equivocating that the impact of mass culture depended on the social and economic contexts in which it developed and the manner in which it was experienced (101). Despite the prevalence of mass culture it did not make working-class Chicagoans feel any less Polish, Jewish, or black or any less of a worker (158). Yet Cohen shows that even as ethnic workers listened to radio programs and shopped at chain grocery stores that were not supposed to influence them (in Cohens opinion), they began to have more in common with their co-workers of different ethnicity and race (157). Either ethni city or class has to prevail here, and I am not sure Cohen knows which one she prefers. I admire Cohens effort to present a positive picture of ethnic and black cultures by presenting their resiliency, but she understa...

Changing Of Life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Changing Of Life - Essay Example In these regards, there were a lot of daily tasks that I took for granted. For instance, simple things like fixing my car I never took care of, because I had always relied on my brother whenever there was a problem that was needed. For instance, I recall one incident where we were driving to visit a family friend. During the trip, one of the tires went out on our car. My brother immediately got out of the vehicle, opened the trunk, and began to change the tire. After my brother's accident, he was not able to accomplish tasks such of this. A few months after his accident we were driving to visit another individual and a tire went out on the vehicle. For an instant, I looked to my brother expecting him to jump out of the car and change the tire but instead came to realize that this time I would have to learn how. We rolled the window down and my brother explained to me the exact steps I needed to take in order to change the tire. This has I learned the process and would be able to acco mplish it in future situations. While this situation with changing tires is one incident, it reflects the large change that took place in my life after my brother's accident. Slowly, I began to learn a lot of skills that I had never had to learn before. My life had truly changed. From this point on I would no longer be able to simply watch television or engage in random past-time activities. My new lifestyle involved becoming more active in day-to-day activities. I learned to become more engaged in daily activities.

An introduction for the germination experiment Lab Report

An introduction for the germination experiment - Lab Report Example Seed germination process is comprised of several steps. First, the seed absorbs water from the surrounding environment through osmosis. Water absorbed activates enzymes, increases the rate of respiration and leads to duplication of plant cells. Secondly, the chemical energy stored as starch is converted to sugar and serves the embryo as food during the process of germination. The embryo is nourished and enlarged resulting in seed coat burst. Lastly, a root tip known as the radicle emerges from the seed and grows downwards to anchor the seed. The radicle enables the embryo to absorb water and minerals from the soil (Jirage 1). A study on the effects of treatment on seed germination will be carried out as a laboratory experiment. The experiment will involve a non-dominant maize seed and a treatment acid. The experiment will comprise three setups. The first set-up will involve low level of the acid and the second will contain high levels of the acid. The third set-up will be a control- experiment that will not involve any treatment. Pre-treating with an appropriate concentration of Gibberellic acid (hormone G A3) plays an import role in the induction of tolerance to salinity. Additionally, it helps the seed overcome the environmental stress, such as osmotic effects, nutritional imbalance and ionic toxicity. This can be achieved through strong root and shoot length that gives a response to salt stress (Jamil

Discuss the role of the motor cortex in movement. 1500 Words Essay

Discuss the role of the motor cortex in movement. 1500 Words - Essay Example The motor cortex plans voluntary actions – it helps in initiating, planning, controlling and maintaining voluntary movement of skeletal muscles, coordinates sequences of movements and relay commands to the appropriate sets of lower motor neurons to execute the desired actions. Diseases or traumas on this part of the brain have adverse effects on the patient. Presently, such diseases include Apraxia, which causes an inability to initiate purposeful learned movement in response to external commands despite the ability and desire to perform the movement, and Parkinson’s and Huntington’s disease – characterized by loss of the ability to initiate movement or stop it once initiated plus the occurrence of uncontrollable movement. Modern man, Homo sapiens, has an average cranial capacity of 1350cc far more than all his other earlier ancestors. This increased cranial capacity is credited for his higher intellectual ability over other animals and primates. The brain serves many functions in the body, from thought to emotions, waking and sleeping, respiration, memory, controlling actions just to mention but a few and can thus be considered as the central control for the whole body. Like all other living things, man also moves around in search for food, flight from danger or for pleasure. Movement is a function of muscular flexion and extension all which are under the control of the brain – except for reflexive movements, which are controlled by the spinal cord and mainly help maintain posture and balance without involving the conscious mind. The brain is divided into six main parts; the cerebral hemispheres, hypothalamus, thalamus, cerebellum and the brain stem – mid brain, pons and medulla oblongata, each of which has its different functions (Marieb, 2000). The cerebellum contains a region known as the motor cortex in the precentral gyrus that helps in initiating, planning and controlling voluntary movement of skeletal muscles. The motor cortex is further

Militant Abolitionism In 1830s

Militant Abolitionism In 1830s During the colonial era, Quakers Society of Friends had a difficult time convincing North American people that slaveholding was against Christian doctrines. However, the age of Enlightenment and the American Revolution led many Americans into fighting for slaves rights. Northern states also started a gradual emancipation of their slaves. The federal government also prohibited slavery in the Northwestern Territories in 1787 and in 1808 banned trans-Atlantic slave trade. However, despite the abolition of slavery in these two areas, antislavery agitation dropped off due to the increasing profitability of southern slavery. The birth of the Movement and its Activities The modern American militant abolition movement began in the early 1830s as a result of religious revivalism popularly known as the Second Great Awakening. Abolitionists thought of slavery as a product of an individual sin by Revivalist tenets. These tenets believed that emancipation was the only price for repentance. Later on, abolitionists realized that slavery was receiving moral support with some racial prejudice. Immediately, the abolitionists lobbied to change the nations racial discriminatory practices. Abolitionists tried to reach and convert people during the 1830s. Founded in 1833, the American Anti-Slavery Society recruited tens of thousands of members from all parts of America. The Abolitionists condemned slavery on moral grounds and pursued immediate emancipation of all slaves. National religious institutions and individual slaveholders, who were the chief targets, rejected the abolition appeals. Opponents went further to suppress antislavery agitation through enactments from the church and state. African American activists joined the new campaign. Some, like Brown, had many records of public opposition to racial discrimination in the north and the colonization movement. Fugitive slaves, such as William Wells Brown and Fredrick Douglass, provided strong antislavery testimony. However, black abolitionists encountered patronizing views and attitudes from the white abolitionists. Hence, many turned to self-help and civil rights groups, while others concentrated on separatist projects. Many women braved public disapproval and joined the abolitionist campaign. Women are known to be veterans of moral reform activities, and principles of religion and republican ideology inspired them. Like their African American counterparts, these women faced opposition within the movement. Women were first barred from the American Anti-slavery movements, but in response, they formed local organizations through which they channeled their concerns and sponsored antislavery events such as bazaars and picnics. Due to the widespread rejection of the anti-slavery program, many abolitionists changed their moral persuasion strategy. Most of them led by William Lloyd Garrison abandoned their churches. According to Garrison, churches had become hopelessly corrupted by slavery. Women participated in American Anti-slavery society after 1840. Maria Weston and Lydia Maria were among the many women who served in the groups operations and main office duties. Religious and political abolitionists also emerged in late 1830s. Non-Garrison abolitionists grouped in a new organization known as The American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society. The abolitionists lobbied religious institutions, and by 1840, they had an organized Methodist, Presbyterian and Baptist antislavery movements. Political antislavery campaigns also intensified during this period. Abolitionists petitioned legislatures and interrogated political candidates on slavery-related issues. Antislavery Efforts before 1830 Abolitionist feelings were strong during the American Revolution and the upper south by 1820s. However, the abolitionist movement never coalesced into a militant crusade until 1830s. In the previous decade, before 1830, much of the north underwent social disruptions associated with the spread of commerce and manufacturing. Powerful evangelical religious groups arose to impact spiritual direction to the society. These preachers stressed the importance of ending sinful doings and practices and the responsibility of every individual in upholding Gods will in the society. Lyman Beecher, Nathaniel Taylor, and other preachers, on what came to be called The Second Great Awakening, organized massive religious revivals in the 1820s. This came later to be the main impetus of the resurgence of abolitionism. By 1830s, William Lloyd Garrison, Theodore D. weld, Lewis Tappan, Arthur, and E. Wright had spiritually been nourished by revivalism and had taken up the cause for immediate emancipation Conclusion The main objective of the abolitionists was to end racial discrimination, segregation, and immediate emancipation of slaves. The religious favor of the Second Great Awakening partly fuelled racial abolitionism. This prompted many people to start advocating for immediate emancipation on religious grounds. As time went on, abolitionist ideas spread in northern churches. Politics of 1830s also contributed to the regional animosity between the South and the North, leading to a civil war.

Shakesperean Clothing Essay -- essays research papers

Have you ever looked at a picture of your parents when they were your age? Or maybe your grandparents from way back when? Well, judging by how much we laugh at their goofy clothes and ridiculous shoes, not to mention the hilarious hairstyles, styles have changed a lot. We?ve gone from high waists to low waists, baggy shirts to shirts that could fit your little sister, from bellbottoms to skin-tight jeans, and from voluminous hair to straight and silky locks. Yes, style can change a lot in a few decades and if you think that's a lot of change, try going back a few centuries, to the times of Shakespeare! Back then, the women wore a lot more clothes than we do, that?s for sure! The style included a chemise, stockings (hose), a corset or bodice, a hooped skirt called a Farthingale, a roll (rowle), a stomacher, a petticoat (or a few), a kirtle, and a forepart as underclothes. For over-clothes, they wore a gown, separate sleeves, a ruff, a cloak, shoes, and a hat. I never wear that many layers. Can you imagine how warm it would be in those clothes all day in the middle of July? As f...

Social Network Marketing & Its Effectiveness

Introduction The objective of this review is to explore what the research says about social network marketing and its effectiveness. The first wave of internet revolution (web 1. 0) brought consumers e-commerce. The second wave, Web 2. 0 evolved into a much robust and interactive experience, allowing consumers to participate and share information effectively, Social network media such as Facebook, Tweeters, etc. have grown rapidly. Users are not only teens but also adults. The popularity of smartphones, hand-held tablet computers, computer notebooks also help the increase in popularity of using these sites.For instance, social net work media have replaced e-mails to become the most popular communication tools. To marketing practitioners, this wave of digital revolution cannot be ignored. More than that Web 2. 0 enable consumers to generate content and share. This change is totally different from conventional marketing, in which firms generate content or messages to bombard users and potential users (such as advertising). It is now not a question of whether a company should use digital media, but how they can maximize the benefit from the rise of these new media network.It may not mean that conventional marketing tools such as advertising will be replaced overnight, but social network media should be able to synergize conventional promotional tools. Thus, naturally the question of tracking and measuring social network media and its ROI will be asked, which will be addressed in this paper. The use of social network media in consumer marketing is well established. Its application in education, healthcare, and also in pharmaceutical promotion are also explored. Word of Mouth Marketing To begin with, the concept of word of mouth marketing is explored.Marketers recognized that the conversations among customers are powerful influence of product adoptions (Ryan and Gross 1943; Rogers 1962). Traditionally, marketers develop message to influence selective consumers (who may be early users) and these consumers help propagate the product message to other consumers. More sophisticated marketers will identify influencers in the group of potential consumers (or opinion leaders) and influence them. Thereafter, these opinion leaders can help propagate marketers' message to other consumers.In web 2. 0 err, consumers will participate in the whole marketing communication process. They will coproduce content to be shared in their chosen network. Hence, Word of Mouth model has evolved from a consumer-to-consumer process in the past to a opinion leader to consumer model, and most recently, a network coproduction model (Figure 1. ) Marketers do not only influence the selective consumers (opinion leaders) in the launch phase, but also have to monitor the process of consumer to consumer messaging.The coproduction model of word of mouth marketing is further depicted by Adrian Palmer and Nicole Koenig-Lewis. In their article â€Å"An experiential, social network-ba sed approach to direct marketing†, the authors proposed a framework of 3 elements of the social network environment – the seller, the customer and the community (Figure 2). In this model, the traditional interface for direct marketings has been between the seller and the customers, represented by the hatched area. With the introduction of the community element, the customer interacts with self-selected communities.Sellers need to interact with selected communities to achieve a variety of benefits, including spreading of positive word of mouth and gathering information about buyers' needs and preferences. The challenge is how to balance the interest of the sellers, the customers and the community, and this is represented in the overlapping area of the 3 circles. Figure 2. Direct marketing in a social network Success Factors for Social Network Sites Shu-Chuan Chu and Yoojung Kim studied the determinants of consumer engagement in social networking sites (Chu & Kim 2011).Ba sed on literature review, the authors identifies 5 determinants – tie strength, homophily, trust, normative and informational interpersonal influence as important antecedent to eWOM behavior in SNSs. Tie Strength Tie strength refers to â€Å"the potency of the bond between members of a network† (Mittal et al. 2008, p. 196). Example of strong tie strength is family members, whereas weak tie strength is colleagues. Strong tie were more likely to be activated for the flow of referral behavior. The hypothesis is that SNS users' perceived tie strength with their contacts is positively related to their engagement n eWOM behaviors in SNSs.Homophily Homophily refers to the degree to which individuals who interact with one another are congruent or similar in certain attributes (Rogers & Bhowmik 1970). The assumption is that people with simailar characteristics, such as age & character may come together to form community. Hence, the hypothesis is that SNS users' perceived homoph ily with their contacts is positively related to their engagement in eWOM behaviours in SNSs. Trust Trust is defined as ‘a willingness to rely on an exchange partner in whom one has confidence' (Moorman et al. 1993, p. 82).In todays popular SNS, users share information with their own real network and thus, significantly increase the level of trust. Therefore, the hypothesis is SNS users' perceived trust in their contacts is positively related to their engagement in eWOM behaviors in SNSs. Normative influence Normative influence refers to the tendency to conform to the expectations of others. It affects attitudes, norms and values (Burnkrant & Cousineau 1975). The hypothesis is that SNS users' susceptibility to normative influences is positively related to their engagement in eWOM behaviors in SNSs. Informational influenceInformational influences, on the other and, denote the tendency to accept information from knowledgeable others and be guided in product, brand and store sear ch (Bearden et al. 1989; Deutsch & Gerard 1955). The hypothesis is that SNS users' susceptibility to informational influences is positively related to their engagement in eWOM behaviors in SNSs. These factors were tested in an on-line survey of the college students on their 3 operationalized engagement: opinion seeking, opinion giving and opinion passing. The findings of the study are: Tie strength is positively associated with eWOM behavior.On the other hand, a negative relationship was found between homophily and eWOM in SNSs. Trust is found to be positively impact engagement with eWOM. Normative and informational influences are important for the engagement, but informational influence in opinion giving is not determined. Implications: The results from this study suggest that advertisers must take social relationship factors into account and develop personalized marketing communications strategies to fulfil SNS users' needs. Insight into Network Co-production of Product Messaging That marketers may not have full control in the product messaging in social etwork marketing, Kozinets, de Valck, Woinicki & Wilner studied a mobile phone launch campaign using social network media (blogs) (Kozinets, de Valck, Woinicki & Wilner 2010). 83 bloggers were seeded with a new mobile phone and their blogs were monitored for 6 months. The bloggers were selected based on their traffic on their blogs. There is no obligation for the bloggers to write or not write. This study gave detailed analysis of the posts and provide good insight and lessons learnt from a commercial program used in social network media. The study found that bloggers can be categorized based on their character style.For instance, in the study at least 4 types are identified, 1. citizen journalist, 2. loving mother, 3. satirical exhibitionist, and 4. the making-ends-meet professional blogger. Four narrative strategies are identified (Figure 3) – evaluation, embracing, endorsement and explanation. Whic h strategy to be adopted depends on the blogger's character, the governing norm in the community and the commercial element in the WOMM. The study found that the motivation for consumers to participate in the co-production of WOM are more complex and culturally embeded, shaped by communal interests and communicative orientations and charged with moral hazard.WOM communicators demonstrate their need to balance inherent commercial-communal tensions while being consistent with the character elements of their ongoing narratives. It is also found that WOMM message and their attendant meanings will be altered by communicators in ways taht are attuned to a range of different individual and communal factors. The managerial implications from the study are the followings. Firstly, managers should pay attention to not only the quantity (so-called amplification by advertising professional), but also quality of the consumer-generated messages.Secondly, consumers that play the role of communicato rs should be further explored, classified and devloped. Thirdly, managers should proactively explore the norms assococaited with the communication network. Marketer also need to rethink whether some degree of control must be imposed in a WOM campaign. For instance, in the current study, that bloggers are free to write and even disclose their relationship with the firm can generate negative WOM and distrust in the community. More important this study also suggests that managers have an opportunity to encoruage particular narrative stategies that may be ideal for their product.Figure 3 Social Network Marketing vs Traditional Marketing? Studies shown that social network marketing (word of mouth marketing) and traditional marketing work synergistically (Onishi & Manchanda 2012; Trusov, Bucklin & Pauwels 2008). In a Japanese study, how blogs and advertising interact during product launch in movie and cell phone categories were studied. The study found that advertising will stimulate blog ging activities during product pre-launch, and effect is less apparent post launch (Onishi & Manchanda 2012).In another study (Trusov, Bucklin & Pauwels 2008), electronic word of mouth (eWOM) programs of a social network site were compared with PR programs (media appearance and Events) in terms of the effectiveness in generating new sign-ups. The founding is that eWOM is more effective than media appearance and events. However, it is also observed that eWOM and PR work synergistically. The studies also showed that blogging and eWOM effects are more long-lasting. The effectiveness of Social Media MarketingIn the article by Hoffman and Fodor (Hoffman & Fodor 2010), the authors attempted to address the ROI metric of social network marketing. As social network sites are now easily measured by search of your brand's blogs or data mining, quantative measurement seems to be ppssible. Some people may want a simple direct short term sales against direct costs. The authors caution whether thi s is a suitabke measurement of social network effectiveness. Nevertheless, we know that Social network marketing can substituted traditional marketing.As traditional marketing such as TV advertising is expensive, by allocating a certain amount of promotional budget to digital marketing can definitely reduce cost and achieve more or less same results. Another benefit of social network marketing is the improvement of market research by direct communicating with users and thus, significantly saving the amount of market research costs. To meaningfully measure ROI of social media marketing, the authors suggest to begin with identifying the objectives of a particular social marketing campaign in order to take into consideration of different nature of social network media (figure 4).In short, brand awareness, brand engagement and word of mouth effect can be measured. Figure 4 References: Donna L. Hoffman, Marek Fodor 2010. Can You Measure the ROI of Your Social Media Marketing? MIT Sloan M anagement Review 52,1(Fall): 41-49. Fue Zeng, Li Huang, Wenyu Dou 2009. Journal of Interactive Advertising 10,1: 1-13. Hirishi Onishi, Puneet Manchanda 2012. Marketing activity, blogging and sales. Intern. J. of Research in Marketing 29: 221-234.Shu-Chuan Chu, Yoojung Kim 2011, Determinants of consumer engagement in electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) in social networking sites, International Journal of Advertising 30,1: 47-75. Robert V Kozinets, Kristine de Valck, Andrea C Wojnick and Sarah JS Wilner 2010, Networked Narratives: Understanding Word-of-Mouth Marketing in Online Communities, Journal of Marketing, 74 (March): 71-89. Louise Kelly, Garyle and Judy Drennan 2010, Avoidance of Advertising in Social Networking sites: the Teenage Perspective, Journal of Interactive Advertising, 10, 25(Spring): pp. 16-27.

revolutions of 1848 essays

revolutions of 1848 essays The revolutions of 1848 occurred in almost every country of Europe. The revolutions left all of the countries involved wondering why it had happened and just exactly what it was that had happened. People were revolting against the extensive government control that dominated their lives. The people who determined the laws of a constitutional monarchy were virtually all nobles and upperclassmen. The people wanted to be represented equally so that they would not be treated unfairly concerning matters such as taxes, punishments, and employment. The revolutions of 1848 were not successful in the fact that nothing good came of them, but they were successful in the sense that some changes were made in favor of the revolutionists. The goals of the revolutionaries of 1848 were to get better lower-class representation for the peasants. They were tired of being treated so poorly when they were the ones that supported the country the most of all classes. The first hint of a revolution being near was the period of famine that racked Europe in 1846. The prices of grain were driven up due to its dearth. The famine of Europe affected everyone, including the poor, workers, employers, and investors. Likewise, people all over the continent were crying out for a more democratic nation. The people of Europe began to revolt, following the example set by the French Revolutionists and the revolts in Poland in 1846. They demanded freedom of speech and freedom of assembly, saying that both were inalienable rights of men. Parisians protested against their governments repressive acts. The people of Prussia were building barricades in Berlin as a way of protesting their government. There were protesters all over Europe trying to get away from repressive matters and unequal opportunities for employment and government offices. Very few of these issues were changed with all of the revolts. One thing that the revolts did create was the creation of a gap...

Explanation of Homomorphic Encryption

Explanation of Homomorphic Encryption Abstract Homomorphic encryption has been created to improve services in cloud computing. The encryption will enable organizations to use cloud computing in analyzing and mining data. Public cloud providers need the intervention of homomorphic encryption to promote security on the access of information.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Explanation of Homomorphic Encryption specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Researchers have suggested that this system has the ability of analyzing information without decrypting (Geiselmann Steinwandt, 2002). It shows that homomorphic encryption develops a key that performs mathematical operations on encrypted data and enables the same results on unencrypted information (Kalai, 2003). Therefore, the connection between functions on unencrypted data and operations to be done on encrypted information in defined as homomorphism. Studies have showed that this invention would be used to provide security on the Internet because many people access this media to seek information. The growth of technology has made people consult the Internet using cloud providers such as Google and Yahoo. Communication Homomorphic encryption assists companies to encrypt their database of emails and post them to the cloud. The cloud assists the company to use the stored information to confirm how its workers are collaborating. Initially, when a firm is installing the new system, it may be able to run a few basic programs. However, as it continues with the system, it can apply it to all other operations. This indicates that after the data has been stored in the database, it can be downloaded without exposing any information (Lipmaa, 2005). The access of information on the Internet may be dangerous because other competitors may be able to access policies that the firm plans to initiate to dominate the market. Companies have classified information which should not be accessed by everyone. Therefore, when competitors are able to get such information, they can use it against the company. The company should device a safety device which will protect data from other cloud users. Some systems break down, and, as a result, people are able to get information stored. In this case, homomorphic encryption protects such information from being reached as the system is being reset. Firms face competition from other companies, which offer similar goods or services (Limpaa, 2005). These competitors will work to outshine other so as win customers and dominate the market. The company may use the information acquired to develop strategies so as to fulfill its interest.Advertising Looking for research paper on programming? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The above information shows that homomorphic encryption promotes business by safeguarding the firm’s data. Homomorphic encryption enables programs to be effectiv ely evaluated so as produce encryption on the output. The system has an enormous impact on outsourcing of private programs such as cloud computing. During the invention period, the system was challenging because people did not believe in full homomorphic encryption. It was supporting evaluation of an unlimited number of additions but could offer functions to one multiplication. The homomorphic encryption scheme is given as c =pq + m where c symbolizes the cipher text, m the marked text message, p is the key and q the random number (Mulmuley Sohoni, 2002). Addition, subtraction, and multiplication described the function of homomorphic encryptions. This system is efficient in arithmetic because it involves small numbers, which could be solved in parallel. Arithmetic performance is improved with the application of Residue Number System, RNS. Security Homomorphic computations are designed to function on data without exposing or accessing actual modulus so as to ensure security of data in programs. It promotes the confidentiality of data by adding confusion to the modulus. This indicates that, in cloud computing, homomorphic encryption transforms the modulus randomly through multiplication. Gentry (2010) indicates that a fully homomorphic encryption scheme was announced in 2009. This scheme supported evaluation of low polynomials on encrypted data (Endsuleit, Geiselmann, Steinwandt, 2002). According to Craig, the security of this scheme overlooked two problems, which were low weight sum problems and worst case on ideal lattices. The cipher texts in Gentry’s scheme did not depend on the length of the operations that evaluated encrypted data. Instead, it relied on the number of operations the computation time performed. Homomorphic computation promotes confidentiality by distributing the program to various clouds, and it verifies that the outcome of the cloud is exactly valid (Canetti, Krawczyk, Nielsen, 2003).Advertising We will write a custom rese arch paper sample on Explanation of Homomorphic Encryption specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This shows that homomorphic encryption prevents clouds from tampering with the module. It follows by developing a strategy to each cloud, which can reduce the impact of security because of collusion. This shows that researchers at every level were working on how to protect data from being accessed by unnecessary people. Cloud computing involves a network of machines to a single program for efficient monitoring and significant service delivery. However, these machines are independent in their operation. Therefore, homomorphism promotes confidentiality of information. It protects them from being reached by other machines on the Internet, and protects the security of data. Last but least, homomorphic encryption can make the computation on multiple systems so as to compare results. The client can use several ways to make sure that the cloud does not acces s the module set because it can affect the confidentiality of the program. References Canetti, R., Krawczyk, H. Nielsen, J. B. (2003). Relaxing chosen-cipher text security. In Proc. of Crypto 03, pages 565-582. Endsuleit, R.W. Geiselmann, Steinwandt, R. (2002).Attacking a polynomial-based cryptosystem: Polly Cracker. Int. Jour. Information Security, (1):143-148. Geiselmann, W. Steinwandt, R. (2002).Cryptanalysis of Polly Cracker. IEEE Trans. In- formation Theory, (48):2990-2991. Gentry, C. (2010). Computing arbitrary functions of encrypted data. Commun. ACM, 53(3):97–105, 2010Advertising Looking for research paper on programming? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Kalai. A. (2003) Generating Random Factored Numbers, Easily. J. Cryptology, vol. 16, no. 4, pages 287-289. Lipmaa. L (2005). An Oblivious Transfer Protocol with Log-Squared Communication. Proc. of ICS 05 pages 314-328, Mulmuley, K. Sohoni, M. (2002). Geometric complexity theory I: An approach to the P vs. NP and related problems. SIAM J. Comput., 31(2):496-526. Van Dam, W., Hallgren, S. Ip, L. (2006). Quantum algorithms for some hidden shift problems. In Proc. of SODA 03, pages 489{498. SIAM J. Comput. 36(3): 763-778.

Offshore Drilling in Alaska Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Offshore Drilling in Alaska - Essay Example On 31th March, 2010, President Obama projected to open vast stretches of American coastlines to natural gas and oil drilling, much of it for the initial time, in an ostensible bid to win political backing for climate and energy legislation. However, that idea stimulated distress among environmentalists and warmish support from Republicans remained a tight set back by the enormous oil slick generated in April 2010. â€Å"The commotion, at the Gulf of Mexico drilling rig, blasted and sank off the coast of Louisiana, killing 11 workers and left four others in critical conditions† (U.S. 26). A pipe leak a mile deep discharged out what the government ultimately estimated to be nearly 5 million barrels of oil in the Alaska, making it the biggest accidental spill in world history (U.S. 27). In response to this spill, the government put in place suspension on deep water gas and oil drilling, a step that arose as a setback to the oil industry and infuriated Atlanta communities reliant on offshore drilling for income and jobs. Later, the government announced that it indented to end the suspension and issuing new guidelines that tighten standards for blowout preventers, well design, safety certification, worker training and emergency response. In the end of 2010, pulling back more from Mr. Obama original plan, the government rescinded its decision to enlarge offshore oil exploration along the Atlantic Coast. The drilling would continue under suspension for those zones for at least the subsequent 7 years, until sturdier safety and environmental standards remain in place. However, drilling would continue in western and central Gulf of Mexico, though, under a fresh set of safeguards initiate after the deadly oil spill and BP explosion (U.S. 34). In April, last year, a year subsequent to BP spill began the far - maligned federal agency accountable for policing Atlanta offshore drilling had reshaped with a strong new director. â€Å"It now had an awkward new title (the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement) and a bundle of stricter safety regulations† (U.S. 8). The agency was endeavoring to put several distance between themself and the industry it controls. However, even those running it accepted that it would be for years before they could create a robust regulatory system able to minimize risks to workers and the proximal environment while still allowing offshore exploration. In November 2011, the Barrack Obama administration announced its planned 5 - year strategy for offshore oil and gas drilling, which calls for launching new areas in Alaska but blocks development along the West and East Coasts. The plan upset environmentalists but fell far petite of what the oil production and its Congressional devotees demanded (U.S. 8). Some of the pros of the oil drilling in Alaska include noise pollution. Seismic waves sent on the ground tell analyzers where oil reserves may be lying. This noise pollution may cause whales a nd other cetaceans, like dolphins, to strand themselves on shore. The drilling also brings with it noise pollution to the surrounding neighbors. As we have seen in the paragraphs above, drilling comes with a high probability of oil spills. The oil spills has such widespread effects in an ecosystem that it is unmanageable for humans to remedy, though, we can try to clean up the polluted environment

Electronic medical record implementation in correctional facilities Assignment

Electronic medical record implementation in correctional facilities - Assignment Example A carefully designed and well managed continuous monitoring program may effectively transform an otherwise static electronic medical records technology. Monitoring also helps in determining emerging risks and barriers during the implementation process. This offers fundamental information to the relevant change managers and the corrective facility officials to identify risks, take mitigations actions, and make credible decisions with regard to the operation of the electronic medical records. While implementing electronic health records in correctional facilities, two main methods will be employed to monitor the change process. These are the issue log monitoring and surveys. Issue log monitoring One approach to monitor the implementation of electronic health record is to employ the issue log or to make an extra log for concerns. Concerns in the case of electronic health records refer to the matters that are not directly actionable or solvable. Taking that the staff and the implementing teal are meticulous in reporting record keeping and information technology related matters, the frequency and severity of issues may signal an emerging problems. This is especially so when sudden increases in a certain concern are observed in a single area. If the management or the change facilitator compares the issues arising or issues log with the risk register that identifies risks associated with electronic records change, certain aspects in the issues log will stand out and may be construed as increasing risks potential. This calls for a contingency plan to be instituted to deal with the problem that may arise (Schwalbe, 2006). Surveys Surveys in form of questions to monitor fundamental elements of electronic health records offer a structured manner to monitoring organizational change risks. In this manner; the change implementation team makes a assessment premeditated to draw out feedback from the organization and the staff on their perception of the project. Survey also hel ps to identify the organizational change factors that may contribute to the success or failure of the implementation effort. By carrying out surveys and assessment at various intervals and comparing results from assessment to assessment, the implementing team can swiftly establish areas that necessitate more consideration and intercession. While making and conducting an assessment, it is essential to represent extra time and cost to the electronic records technology, various benefits needs to be considered. One benefit is that gathering time and cost information forces regular and system review of the project as it is perceived by the impacted employees and patients. As the analysis is employed from time to time, it can be enhanced and reused (Schwalbe, 2006). Additionally, the analysis can speedily gather feedback from a large part of the organization, enhancing the visibility of the electronic records implementation project and minimizing unexpected or unwarranted reactions. The r elationship between the organization’s related processes, systems, and personal or professional roles and their affect on EHR The provision of electronic health records in correctional facilities is an increasingly involving exercise. Complexities arise due to the complexities of correctional facility services and systems, as well as the various processes and relationships. Electronic health r

EVM and Project Procurement Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

EVM and Project Procurement - Research Paper Example This management system provides trends of cost, value and risk. EVM uses a uniform unit of measure of project performance which may either be dollars or work hours but for different tasks it may require different measure of performance. Functional Difference Procurement is often required in every project; therefore procurement management is a crucial step in the execution of a project plan. Procurement means the use of external vendors and service providers for a particular facility. Procurement management itself involves extensive planning. Procurement process can be broken down into various steps which are widely used in the following order: Planning and requirement, requisition, vendor selection, contract administration, delivery and contract closure. Procurement process starts with the analysis of the goods and services required for the execution of a project. The management has to take a make or buy decision which ultimately decides whether there is a need for outsourcing or not . This is done through cost benefit analysis. For example leasing a piece of equipment costs $800/day and making it costs $12000; in this case the use of that equipment in terms of time would allow the management to compare the two costs and ultimately allow them to take an informed decision. Difference in Cost Variance and Measurement In order for the successful completion of a project the management needs to answer certain questions repeatedly. These questions are mostly related to cost variance, risks, over or under expenditure, schedule and project performance in terms of value, cost and schedule. In a research study has proven the link between project success and earned value management. The study treats the principles of EVM and project procurement as two different variables. The third variable is the project success itself. The results of their study and surveys supported their hypothesis with exception which is â€Å"There will be no significant difference between fixed-pri ce and cost-plus contracts on the use of EVM’s performance metrics during contract administration† (Marshall, 2007). Fixed-price contracts and cost plus contracts are two prevalent contract types which are undertaken during the contract administration step of procurement management. So the study has proven that contract type does not significantly affect the performance metrics of EVM. Earned value minus actual cost gives the cost variance and earned value minus planned value gives the schedule variance in earned value management. These variances are dependent upon the accuracy of estimates, time required for the project and life-cycle phase. All of these factors may fall under the category of procurement process so procurement management may affect the performance metrics of earned value management. Procurement involves market knowledge on the basis of which estimates are driven. So if for example the management provides unreliable estimates then it would greatly affec t the EVM measures such as planned costs. Secondly the length of the procurement project and total approved budget effect the capacity of EVM to accurately predict the trends of cost and

Diplomatic History Essay Example for Free

Diplomatic History Essay Operation Rolling Thunder refers to an intense onslaught carried out by the United States against the North Vietnamese in the period between 1965-1968. The rationale behind this attack was not clear, as even its chief architects believe it was not clear-cut. No one had put into consideration the political costs and loss of lives. President Johnson hoped that with this onslaught, he would boost the dying morale of the southern Vietnamese by impressing upon them the Americans might. This however achieved the opposite by diminishing his political standing at home and did not help to bring the North Vietnamese to the negotiating table as was hoped. The Six-Day War is a war that pitted Israel on one side against Jordan, Egypt and Syria. These countries had vowed not to recognize the legitimacy of Israel and wanted it destroyed, however Israel victory dealt these countries a huge blow and they retreated after it became apparent that Israel would reach their capital. This war brought a near clash between two superpowers then, the United States and the Soviet Union, with the U. S behind Israel and USSR behind the Arab states. This war had put the U. S in a tight spot as it did not want to sour its relations with the Arabs or its diplomatic ties with Israel. This is seen as the reason why the U. S exercised restrain and only aided Israel with weapons but no direct intervention. The Iran Contra Scandal occurred in 1987 and refers to a deal entered into by president Reagan’s administration and Iran. The United States was to supply Iran with weapons so that it would facilitate and press for the release of American hostages held by the Hezbollah. This scandal tarnished the U. S stand abroad of not negotiating with terrorists and also led to the plummeting of Reagan’s popularity. It would also see the conviction of some high-ranking officials. Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev of Russia was the last president of the United Soviet Socialist Republic before it collapsed in 1991. He is hailed for having initiated the move that led to the end of cold war. He introduced reforms in Russia and tightened the relations with President Ronald Regan, ending the cold war and consequently the breaking up the USSR. It is during this tenure that the relations between the USSR and the U. S were improved. Core to his reforms was re-introduction of ties with the west. Kosovo, Yugoslavia, had been rocked by fighting between Albania guerillas and Serb forces. The United States and NATO forces stepped in to help quell the fighting resulting to what came to be known as Operation Allied Forces that initiated an onslaught against Serbia till Slobodan Milosevic withdrew from Kosovo. The United States over the years was actively involved in the process meant to restore peace although the congress did not expressly authorize the air strikes nor block them. To date The UN Resolution 1244 has failed to establish the status of Kosovo. The United States has been supporting what is referred to as the Ahtisaari plan that seeks to have Kosovo supervised. Russia is opposing the plan and vows to use the Veto power should the situation demand. The Dayton Accords refer to the peace agreements that saw the end of the Bosnia war in 1995. This agreement was the culmination of a series of negotiations that had before been unfruitful. The United States and Russia had been mounting pressure for the warring sides to accept negotiations. These negotiations held in Ohio brought together a cross section of leaders from the region. This was done under the tutelage of the U. S secretary of state Warren Christopher together with the representatives of European Union. The Official peace pact was to be signed in France by Clinton, John Major, and Jacques Chirac amongst others. This pact was to see the international community lead the implementation of the treaty backed by the NATO forces. Ngo Dinh Diem was born in 1901. He went to the United States due to political turmoil at home. In the US he would meet the then influential leaders where he reiterated his opposition to colonialism and communism in his bid to gain their approval. He succeeded and the United States installed him as the president hoping he would become a U. S puppet. This however did not happen and he was oppressive of the Southern Vietnamese. He rigged the elections that were to follow and imprisoned opposition leaders and critics. The United States was torn between a rock and a hard place, it risked being stuck with an unpopular leader who was unable to unite Vietnam and in turn lose the country to the communists. This is what led CIA to sanction a plot to have Diem assassinated by failing to offer the protection they were giving him before. Consequently he was assassinated in 1963 and his place taken by Nguyen Van Thieu. The relationship between the United States and PLO can only be described as that of perpetual hostility towards each other. To the United States, PLO represented a major threat to its interests and ally in Middle East. PLO also saw the U. S as a threat and that is why it aligned itself with the USSR and took a strong anti-American stance. In spite of this standoff, the United States initiated a dialogue between the two in 1988. PLO accepted the status of Israel and agreed to denounce terrorism hence triggering the dialogue. All along there had been a long stand-off between the two as PLO had refused to acknowledge the existence of Israel while in turn the U. S had not recognized PLO as the voice of the Palestine people. By accepting to negotiate with the PLO, PLO saw this as a form of recognition and it felt that it had won against the U. S’ hard stance. The U. S stand against PLO and the initiation of the talks has always been a defining moment in Middle East because it gave an international recognition, in line with the UN resolutions, a nation it considered a terrorist movement. The Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) fronted by President Reagan, aimed at developing a system that would use ground and space systems to defend the United States in case of a nuclear ballistic missiles attack. This system did not succeed as it was intended to, but it is hailed as being the basis under which the current anti-ballistic missiles were made. All these efforts and research was put under the Strategic Defense Initiative Organization that was brought together in 1984 to oversee all matters relating to missile defense. The Taliban are a Sunni Islamic movement that was at the helm of leadership in Afghanistan for a period of five years up to 2001 when they were removed from power by a coalition of forces led by the united states. It has a rather interesting history as in its early days it was supported by the United States to fight off the communists who wanted to take over Afghanistan. After taking over power in 1998, the Taliban hard stance, Sharia law, suppression and persecutions did not endear it to many countries including the United States which saw it as harboring terrorists such as the Al Qaeda. It was ousted from power by a coalition of forces and the Northern alliance in what came to be known as war on terror. Part 2 President Richard Nixon and Henry Kissinger remain the two of the most important figures in the United States as far as foreign policy is concerned. No doubt that Nixon’s administration was riddled with a scandal that would lead to his resignation. Critics agree however that his tenure was not without some important accomplishments. Appropriately President Nixon came into power when the cold war had intensified and the world was at the brink of war with the United States and the Soviet Union rocked into a perpetual duel that was threatening a peaceful co-existence between the West and East. President Nixon was elected on a platform of ending American forces engagement in Vietnam. This, he achieved although his withdrawal was rather slow much to the consternation of many Americans. It had seemed that Nixon rather believed that he could correct the mess he had inherited in Vietnam, snatch victory and withdraw the troops honorably. This however did not happen and the events that followed remain his lowest moments in leadership. Nixon and Kissinger were advocating a foreign policy that would see the United States pursue an effort to limit the expansion of the Soviet bloc influence, support militarily and economically any governments that would aid their course whether or not such governments were repressive or had poor ratings as far as civil rights are concerned. This would explain why this tenure was characterized by overthrowal from power popularly elected regimes and supplanting them with dictatorial leaderships. Iran and Chile serves as good attestation to this. The key objective of Nixon administration was to keep communism in check at whatever cost even if it meant trampling on the civil rights of the citizens and dropping hundreds of bombs. The Vietnam War still remains the biggest to both Kissinger and Nixon’s profiles. Faced with growing opposition and plummeting opinion ratings, Nixon remained aloof and initiated attacks in Vietnam while hoodwinking the American public by withdrawing the forces bits by bits. To his administration ‘place with honor’ remained the key strategy. It is Detente that remains the hallmark of his achievements, on top of his ability to limit and finally withdraw American forces from Vietnam. In Detente he promised to ease relations with the former archrivals of America. It was a new type of diplomacy that would see a permanent relaxation of relations between the superpowers, even the nations that were perceived as enemies before. This, he accomplished by improving the relations between the United States and China. Kissinger was Nixon’s key operative. He was highly secretive to the extent that his meeting with Chinese officials was unknown to the ambassador of the U. S to China, George Bush snr. However he was able to improve the sour relation that existed. This was in the Nixon’s bid to woo China after it had fallen out with the Soviet bloc and consequently tilt the balance to his advantage. Aided by the Kissinger, Nixon introduced what was referred to as the Nixon Doctrine; this is what formed the basis of his foreign policy. The United States, to maintain its influence would provide military support to its allies but not in any way provide troops. In wooing China, Nixon and Kissinger who were realists, had reconciled that China was far much important to be ignored in the international scene being the most populous. This also gave impetus to his re-election bid especially as the Ping Pong diplomacy had drawn a perception that he identified with the common voter. Through the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty of 1972 (SALT), the United States and the Soviet Union agreed to curtail further production of high range ballistic missiles as well as their defense systems. This ‘strategic parity’, as many scholars refer to it, was to be a substitute to the arms race. The Soviet bloc agreed to this immediately probably fearing the improved relations between China and the United States. To wrap up Nixon achievements in foreign policy was his visit to China, where he became the first president to do so; this had privately been arranged by Kissinger. He also went to Moscow where he and Brezhner signed the SALT and trade agreements. The shuttle diplomacy also said off relatively where Henry Kissinger was able to broker a peace deal with Israel an Arab in the Yom Kippur war. In this war the U. S had been torn between a rock and a hard place. It sought to protect Israel and did not want to scuttle its friendship with the Arab states. Although Nixon had the above achievements, his mistakes or miscalculations further outweighed the accomplishments. Many people in U. S and internationally remember him for his misdeeds more that these achievements. His administration single handedly put the image of the United States as a champion of civil rights and peace into disrepute. To start with was his handling of the Vietnam War. He was unable to come to terms with the fact that the United States could lose the war and was willing to put the lives of American soldiers on the line to drive this point home, but to no avail. Despite cutting his stature in the international limelight as a statesman by establishing ties with china, the question of Vietnam is still very troublesome to both Nixon and Kissinger. Nixon had vowed to win peace. Vietnamization or the concerted attack in Laos and Cambodia put a permanent dent on his reputation. He hoped that these would paint an image of a ‘madman’ and compel Hanoi to reach a favorable agreement. These attacks prompted Americans to take to the streets in protest especially as it became apparent that he had dropped all pretext of diplomacy. Although Kissinger was able to bring the warring parties into negotiations, the terms were not any different from the ones that north Vietnam had brought to the table in 1969, an indication that all those years of attack and loss of lives had not borne fruits especially to the United States. It is the Watergate scandal however that broke the camels back and forced Nixon out of office. The Watergate scandal remains the greatest evidence of the atrocities committed by the United States where both Kissinger and Nixon undermined democracy in the third world and brought bloodshed. It is these atrocities that led to calls by civil and human rights activists to have Kissinger investigated for crimes against humanity. After the scandal, the United States was not credible in its self-proclaimed international role. Oil crises would loom in the U. S as the Middle East placed embargoes. There was also a political re-alignment with disillusionment characterizing the Republican Party. Kissinger however was left unscathed and went on to serve as the secretary of state in Ford and Carters administration. Nixon’s presidency is a tenure that many Americans would wish to put behind.

Terra-Cotta Girl :: essays research papers

Terra Cotta Girl   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The poem has clear, wide-open drama while managing ambiguity and open-endedness. A sort of modern local color piece tinted with Southern elements, it nevertheless makes its characters real and sympathetic, treats important themes that are both topical and general, and offers an apt objective relationship with universal implications. Technically a lyric, the poem filled with narrative and drama: an off-the-farm college girl, a Southerner, and perhaps a Georgian like Sellers herself, has fallen in love with a â€Å"quiet girl down the hall† (9). The girl’s conservative mother â€Å"has seen to† (10) having her daughter seek for an expert help. Ungraceful, conflicted inwardly, and beset outwardly by parental pressure, the girl now waits to see a counselor. No character speaks, but the role of each is well defined. At least five characters, perhaps six, come into play: two girls, their two mothers, and one or maybe two counselors. Onstage is the â€Å"terra cotta girl† (1)--and maybe her mother as well. The other, â€Å"quiet† (9) daughter and her mother, along with a counselor (perhaps the same one), running a parallel to the scene we are witnessing. Although the poem shows us the girls as living â€Å"down the hall† (9) from each other in their college dormitory, it also suggests another indirect possibility that, at the very moment of the present action, this other girl, the quiet one, is just â€Å"down the hall† waiting to see another counselor during two parallel sessions that the mothers have â€Å"seen to† (10). Perhaps, the other girl’s mother is with her, too. The other girl may be â€Å"quiet† precisely because the narrator chooses not to give her a separate story. If this is the case, her â€Å"terra cotta† lover stands in as her delegate. The phrase â€Å"quiet girl† draws the image of a shy character, who may be less able to handle her current torture, and not as strong as â€Å"terra cotta girl†. Formally, the poem has thirteen short lines with different numbers of syllables and accents. The poem is unrhymed but engages such alliterations as â€Å"flat farm feet† (2) / â€Å"furrows† (3), â€Å"soil has seen† (10), and â€Å"weep for the waste† (12). All of the alliterated sounds are voiceless, which projects the current situation of the girls. The thirteen breath units of the poem divide into two clear sentences. With no stanza break in the poem, these sentences establish the language of the drama.

Morality and Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown Essay -- Young Goodman Br

"Young Goodman Brown" was published in 1835, when Nathaniel Hawthorne was 31 years old. Hawthorne was born and reared in Salem, Massachusetts, a village still permeated by its 17th century Puritanism. When he was four, Hawthorne's father   died, and from that point on he was surrounded mostly by females: two sisters, a maiden aunt, and a retiring mother who was not close to her children. He had little contact with his deceased father's family, but his maternal relatives were supportive and saw to it that he attended college, the first in his family to do so (Turner 33). During four years at college, despite his reclusive nature, he established close friendships with his male classmates, several of which he maintained for life. These four years of shared human companionship were contrasted by the following twelve years of self-imposed isolation spent in the upper floor of his mother's home in Salem, trying to master the art of writing. It was during those twelve years of isolation, while researching local New England history for background use in his fiction, that Hawthorne made a startling discovery. His 17th century paternal ancestors, whom he had assumed to have been yeoman farmers or seafaring men, had been illustrious founders as well as political and religious Puritan leaders of Salem. "Young Goodman Brown" was influenced by this Puritan heritage; by Hawthorne's personality which had acquired a skeptical, dual-outlook on life; and by Hawthorne's mental and moral beliefs thathe revealed. Hawthorne struggles with his own morality within his own biographical framework in "Young Goodman Brown." Hawthorne viewed his Puritan ancestors with a mixture of pride and guilt. He felt pride in seeing the history of his own family inter... ...: Alfred A. Knopf, 1971. Canby, Henry Seidel. Classic Americans: A Study of Eminent American Writers from Irving to Whitman. New York: Russell and Russell, 1939. Donaldson, Scott and Ann Massa. American Literature: Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Century. New York: Harper and Row, 1978. Fogle, Richard Harter. Hawthorne's Fiction: The Light and the Dark. Norman: U of Oklahoma P, 1952. Hawthorne, Nathaniel. "Young Goodman Brown." 1835. The Heath Anthology of American Literature. Ed. Paul Lauter et al. 2nd ed. Vol. 1. Lexington: Heath, 1944. 2129-38. Johnson, Claudia D. The Productive Tension of Hawthorne's Art. University: U of Alabama P, 1981. Turner, Arlin. Nathaniel Hawthorne: A Biography. New York: Oxford UP, 1980. Ziff, Larzer. Literary Democracy: The Declaration of Cultural Independence in America. New York: Viking Press, 1981.

Culture and Health Promotion Essay

Madeline Leininger is the nurse and anthropologist who first developed the theory of addressing the needs of the whole person within their culture, heritage and traditions. Her book, Transcultural Nursing: Concepts, Theories, and Practice (1978), gave rise to an area of nursing practice that has become known as transcultural care. Nurses continue to develop tools to assess the nature of an individual’s culture, traditions and heritage. The Heritage Assessment Tool, developed by Rachel Spector (2000, figure 6-1), identifies language preference, family dynamic, religious practices, educational background, and social standing. The information gathered from the heritage assessment combined with further dialog will allow the nurse to implement an indivualized, culturally competent plan of care. The heritage assessment tool was utilized as part of a series of interviews comparing the health traditions of subjects from three different cultures. The focus of the interview was health maintenance, health protection, and health restoration. Subject one is a 46 year old Hispanic female. Her paternal great-grandmother was born in a small village in Spain. Her maternal great-grand father’s was born in Mexico. It is interesting to note that while she has both Mexican and Spanish lineage, she most strongly identified with the Spanish side of her heritage. She clearly indicated she and her family spoke Castilian Spanish, not Mexican Spanish. Both sets of her grandparents and parents were born in the United States of America (U.S.A.). Her father and grandparents are bilingual, and come from a large family of 16 children. Her grandparents had very little formal education; her father attended school. Her mother was from a family of 4 children and speaks  Spanish as a second language. She received formal education and was a college graduate. Twenty years ago, both sides of this family lived in rural areas and in close proximity but have since dispersed across the country for employment opportunities. This subject’s family has a strong tradition of beliefs and non-traditional methods for health protection. They did not routinely seek out a physician but rather relied on herbalists and folk remedies. There was a strong spiritual component to this family’s traditions. Prayers, lighting candles during church services and saying novenas or the rosary were all considered to be important to health protection .With regards to health restoration; the subject’s paternal grandmother had a firm belief in â€Å"mal ojo† or the evil eye. When sickness occurred, it was due to â€Å"mal ojo† transmitting sickness through jealousy either consciously or unconsciously. Her grandmother believed many illnesses were the result of â€Å"mal ojo† and could be reversed through prayer and placing a bowl of hard boiled eggs near the sick person to â€Å"pull out the mal ojo†. In addition to prayer, teas were consumed for nausea or upset stomach; eucalyptus salve was applied to the chest for colds or respiratory infections, and mercurochrome was applied to any scrapes, b ruises, insect bites or reddened areas on the skin. Food was an important part of health maintenance for this family. The subject’s mother and grandmother both provided all the family meals which consisted primarily of fish, wild game and steamed vegetables. Food was never fried, and wheat germ was added to most foods, including desserts. The subject relayed that in recent years her family has moved into a suburban setting. Her grandparents now seek regular care from a physician. They also have mostly abandoned the folk remedies previously preferred and now use pharmaceuticals for health restoration. Prayer remains a large part of this family culture (P. Sanchez, personal communication, January 28, 2012). Subject two is a 46 year old Asian-American female of Chinese heritage. She has no knowledge of her grandparents who are deceased. The entire family migrated to the USA when the subject was three years of age. She is the youngest of three siblings, all of whom live within the same city. It is of interest that all the girls in this family have traded their Chinese names for western names and have married outside their race to men of Caucasian, non-Hispanic origin. In spite of this, the family maintains a strong culture of family unity and  respect for their ancestors. Neither her mother nor father read or write English; therefore, Chinese is the language spoken when communicating at home. All the children and grandchildren are bilingual. The subject shares caretaking responsibility for her parents with her sisters. To protect health, they practice healthy eating habits and engage in regular exercise. The subject’s parents walk daily, and practice tai chi. They drink warm water after each meal to ensure good digestion. In the event of illness, several cures are used to restore health. To reduce a fever, drinking cool water is believed to be effective. To alleviate a sore throat or cough, a vinegar and warm water gargle; for headache, cold compresses on the forehead and back of neck with massage; for body aches or pain, rest with meditation is the preferred remedy. To maintain health, this family again relies on exercise, meditation, and the use of herbal supplements and teas. Mint is used for digestion, ginger is used for energy. The subject shares that her parents are now receiving Medicare benefits and they engage in primary health prevention by receiving the influenza vaccine and yearly physical examinations (C. C. Lu, personal communication, January 31, 2012). This student was the third subject. She is a 55 year old Caucasian of Scottish heritage. Her mother’s side of the family is of German Descent and her father’s side is of Scottish descent. She is strongly identified with her heritage and culture as all of her family on both sides were born and lived in West Virginia. Her mother was one of six siblings; her father an only child. This subject was the oldest of three siblings. The extended family unit was active in the same church and participated in many of the same social activities. They took family vacations and were together for most holidays and birthdays. Her father and grandfather were both professionals; her grandfather worked as a teacher, her father as an engineer. Both her grandmother and mother were homemakers. English is the only language spoken in this family. To protect health, this family used a combination of folk remedies and primary physician care. Both she and her siblings were immunized as babies and r eceived yearly physical and dental exams. However, prior to seeking medical care for health restoration, her grandmother and mother would utilize herbal and folk remedies to include warm salt water gargle for sore throat, cool compresses to reduce fever, or eucalyptus salve combined with inhaling steam for upper respiratory infections. Mineral oil  was used to relieve ear aches and baking soda was dissolved mixed with warm water and then drank to cure indigestion. Hot chicken soup was a cure all for any type of sickness. Food was also an important part of health maintenance for this family. Her grandmother maintained a large garden and several fruit trees. She preserved every variety of vegetable and fruit and taught this skill to the subject. The family also would join together to purchase a whole cow and have it butchered. Meals were simple and wholesome. Exercise in this family was not structured but every member participated in some type of physical activity through school, work or church. In conclusion, all three families interviewed have similar health traditions. Two of the three have strong religious traditions. All three use herbal and folk remedies in much the same way. The interviews revealed a pattern of change in tradition that appears to be based on education, and access to western based medicine. As the family units evolved through marriage, immigration, or education, their reliance on western medicine increased. However, the use of folk remedies were not completely abandoned and continued to be viewed as an important component in achieving and maintaining wellness. By including the health traditions in the nursing plan of care and teaching, the needs of the whole person can be addressed: Culturally competent nursing is achieved. References Leininger, M. (1978). Transcultural nursing: Concepts, theories and practice. New York: Wiley. Spector, R. E. (2000). CultureCare: Guide to heritage assessment and health traditions (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Education/PH College.